题目
Problem
A particle P of mass 4 kg is moving in a horizontal straight line. At time t s the velocity of P is v m s−1 and the displacement of P from a fixed point O on the line is x m. The only force acting on P is a resistive force of magnitude (4e−x+12)e−x N. When t=0, x=0 and v=4.
(a) Show by integration that v=ex1+3ex.
(4)
(b) Find an expression for x in terms of t.
(4)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 4 kg 的质点 P 沿一条水平直线运动。在 t s 时,P 的速度为 v m s−1,相对于直线上固定点 O 的位移为 x m。作用在 P 上的唯一的力是大小为 (4e−x+12)e−x N 的阻力。当 t=0 时,x=0,v=4。
(a) 通过积分证明 v=ex1+3ex。
(4)
(b) 求 x 用 t 表示的表达式。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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初速度为正,阻力反向。用 vdv/dx 表示加速度,积分后将速度平方配成完全平方。
答题过程
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On the forward branch, Newton’s second law gives
4vdxdv=−(4e−x+12)e−x.
Dividing by 4 and expanding gives
vdxdv=−e−2x−3e−x.
Integrating gives
∫vdv=∫(−e−2x−3e−x)dx.
Hence
21v2=21e−2x+3e−x+C.
At x=0, v=4, so 8=1/2+3+C and C=9/2. Hence
v2=e−2x+6e−x+9=(3+e−x)2.
The positive branch satisfies the initial condition and stays positive, giving v=3+e−x=(1+3ex)/ex.
(b)
解法一
思路
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把上一问的速度写成位移的导数。分离变量后,分子的 ex 是分母导数的常数倍。
答题过程
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Since dx/dt=(1+3ex)/ex, integration from the initial point gives
t===∫0x1+3esesds31[ln(1+3es)]0x31ln(41+3ex).
Here the substitution uses d(1+3es)/ds=3es. Exponentiating gives
1+3ex=ex=4e3t,34e3t−1.
For t≥0 the right-hand side is positive. Taking logarithms gives
x=ln(34e3t−1).