题目
An object is formed from a solid hemisphere, of radius , and a solid cylinder, of radius and height . The hemisphere and the cylinder are made of the same material. The cylinder is attached to the plane face of the hemisphere. The line forms a diameter of the base of the cylinder, where is the centre of the plane face of the hemisphere and is common to both circumferences (see diagram). Relative to axes through , parallel and perpendicular to as shown, the centre of mass of the object is .
(a) Show that and find an expression, in terms of and , for .
The object is placed on a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle where . The object is in equilibrium with horizontal, where lies in a vertical plane through a line of greatest slope.
(b) Find in terms of .
题目中文翻译
一个物体由一个半径为 的实心半球和一个半径为 、高为 的实心圆柱组成。半球和圆柱由同一种材料制成。圆柱连接在半球的平面上。线段 是圆柱底面的一条直径,其中 是半球平面的圆心, 是两个圆周的公共点(见图)。以图示经过 、分别平行和垂直于 的坐标轴为参照,物体的质心坐标为 。
(a) 证明 ,并求 关于 和 的表达式。
将该物体放在一个与水平面成 角的粗糙斜面上,其中 。物体保持平衡,且 水平; 位于一个经过斜面最大坡度线的竖直平面内。
(b) 用 表示 。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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用图中的坐标取矩。半球质心在 下方,圆柱质心在上方。两种材料密度相同,所以可以用体积作为权重。
答题过程
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The hemisphere has volume . Its centroid has coordinates , since its centre lies to the right of and its centroid is below the flat face. The cylinder has volume and centroid . Taking moments and cancelling gives
Similarly, the vertical moment equation gives
(b)
解法一
思路
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接触点处的半径垂直于斜面。物体平衡时,接触力的合力与重力共线,所以接触点与质心有相同的横坐标。
答题过程
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The object contacts the plane on the curved hemisphere. The radius from to the contact point makes angle with the downward vertical, and its length is . Since weight and the resultant contact force are the only external forces, their lines of action coincide. The contact point therefore has horizontal coordinate . As , it is to the left of , so
Substituting the expression from part (a) gives
Hence .