题目
Two identical smooth uniform spheres and each have mass . The two spheres are moving on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide with speeds and respectively. Immediately before the collision, ’s direction of motion makes an angle of with the line of centres, and ’s direction of motion is perpendicular to the line of centres (see diagram). After the collision, and are moving in the same direction. The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is .
(a) Find the value of .
(b) Find the loss in the total kinetic energy of the spheres as a result of the collision.
题目中文翻译
两个相同的光滑均匀球体 和 的质量均为 。两球在光滑水平面上运动,发生碰撞时的速率分别为 和 。碰撞前的瞬间, 的运动方向与两球的连心线成 角, 的运动方向垂直于连心线(见图)。碰撞后, 和 沿相同方向运动。两球之间的恢复系数为 。
(a) 求 的值。
(b) 求此次碰撞造成的两球总动能损失。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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碰撞只改变沿球心连线的速度。两个球的碰后速度方向相同,所以它们的平行分量之比等于各自不变的垂直分量之比。
答题过程
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Let and be the final components along the line of centres from to . The perpendicular components in the diagram have the same direction and magnitudes and . Since the resulting velocity vectors point in the same direction, , so . Momentum and restitution give
Hence and . Dividing gives .
解法二
思路
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也可以先把两个平行分量都表示成 的函数,再用碰后方向相同的条件直接求 。
答题过程
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The parallel momentum and restitution equations give
Cancelling in the momentum equation, then adding and subtracting, gives
The two final velocity vectors have equal parallel-to-perpendicular component ratios, so . Thus , so and .
(b)
解法一
思路
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垂直分量未变,对动能损失的贡献为零。只需比较两球沿球心连线的碰前、碰后动能。
答题过程
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Put . The initial parallel components are and zero, and the final ones are and . The total kinetic energies are
The unchanged perpendicular terms cancel. Thus the loss is