题目
Problem
A particle of mass m kg falls vertically under gravity, from rest. At time t s, P has fallen x m and has velocity v m s−1. The only forces acting on P are its weight and a resistance of magnitude kmgv N, where k is a constant.
(a) Find an expression for v in terms of t, g and k.
(5)
(b) Given that k=0.05, find, in metres, how far P has fallen when its speed is 12 m s−1.
(5)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 m kg 的质点从静止开始在重力作用下竖直下落。在 t s 时,P 已下落 x m,速度为 v m s−1。作用在 P 上的力只有重力和大小为 kmgv N 的阻力,其中 k 为常数。
(a) 求 v 关于 t、g 和 k 的表达式。
(5)
(b) 已知 k=0.05,求 P 的速率为 12 m s−1 时已下落的距离,以米为单位。
(5)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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取竖直向下为正。阻力与速率成正比,分离变量后用静止释放的初值确定积分常数。
答题过程
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Taking downwards as positive, Newton’s second law gives
mdtdv=dtdv=mg−kmgv,g(1−kv).
On the branch starting from rest, 0≤v<1/k. Separating variables and using v=0 at t=0 gives
∫0v1−ksds=[−k1ln(1−ks)]0v=−k1ln(1−kv)=∫0tgdτ,gt,gt.
Thus ln(1−kv)=−kgt, so 1−kv=e−kgt and
v=k1−e−kgt.
(b)
解法一
思路
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用速度式求达到 12ms−1 的精确时间,再把速度积分得到这段时间内的位移。
答题过程
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With k=0.05 and g=10, v=20(1−e−t/2). At v=12, we have e−t/2=2/5 and t=2ln(5/2). The distance fallen is
x===∫0t20(1−e−s/2)ds[20s+40e−s/2]0t20t−40(1−e−t/2).
Substituting gives x=40ln(5/2)−24≈12.7m.
解法二
思路
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也可直接用 vdv/dx 表示加速度,将路程与速率关联起来,省去时间变量。
答题过程
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The equation is vdv/dx=g(1−kv). Integrating from v=0 to v=12 gives
1−kvv=x==k1(1−kv1−1),g1∫0121−kvvdvkg1[−v−k1ln(1−kv)]012.
For k=0.05 and g=10 this is −24−40ln(2/5)=40ln(5/2)−24≈12.7m.