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CIE 9231 2024 June Paper 33 Q7

A Level / CIE / FM

CIE 9231 2024 June Paper 33 Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

A parachutist of mass m kgm\text{ kg} opens his parachute when he is moving vertically downwards with a speed of 50 m s−150\text{ m s}^{-1}. At time t st\text{ s} after opening his parachute, he has fallen a distance x mx\text{ m} from the point where he opened his parachute, and his speed is v m s−1v\text{ m s}^{-1}. The forces acting on him are his weight and a resistive force of magnitude mv Nmv\text{ N}.

(a) Find an expression for vv in terms of tt.

(6)

(b) Find an expression for xx in terms of tt.

(3)

(c) Find the distance that the parachutist has fallen, since opening his parachute, when his speed is 15 m s−115\text{ m s}^{-1}.

(2)
题目中文翻译

一名质量为 m kgm\text{ kg} 的跳伞者在以速率 50 m s−150\text{ m s}^{-1} 竖直向下运动时打开降落伞。打开降落伞后的时刻 t st\text{ s},他已从打开降落伞的位置下落了距离 x mx\text{ m},此时速率为 v m s−1v\text{ m s}^{-1}。作用在他身上的力为重力和大小为 mv Nmv\text{ N} 的阻力。

(a) 求 vv 关于 tt 的表达式。

(6)

(b) 求 xx 关于 tt 的表达式。

(3)

(c) 求跳伞者的速率为 15 m s−115\text{ m s}^{-1} 时,自打开降落伞以来下落的距离。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (gg) is needed, use 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.

需要使用重力加速度 gg 的数值时,取 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

向下取正,重力与线性阻力给出一阶微分方程。将速度减去平衡速率 1010 后,方程可分离变量。

答题过程

展开

Take downwards as positive. Newton’s second law gives

mdvdt= mg−mv,dvdt= 10−v.\begin{align*} m\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,mg-mv,\\[4mm] \frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}t}=&\,10-v. \end{align*}

On the branch starting at v=50>10v=50>10, separation gives

∫1v−10 dv= −∫1 dt,ln⁡(v−10)= −t+C.\begin{align*} \int\frac1{v-10}\,\mathrm{d}v=&\,-\int1\,\mathrm{d}t,\\[4mm] \ln(v-10)=&\,-t+C. \end{align*}

At t=0t=0, v=50v=50, so C=ln⁡40C=\ln40. Exponentiating gives v−10=40e−tv-10=40e^{-t}, hence v=10+40e−tv=10+40e^{-t}. This remains above 1010 for all finite t≥0t\ge0, consistently with the chosen branch.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

向下位移的导数是上一问的速率。用开伞时 x=0x=0 作为积分初值。

答题过程

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The distance fallen is

x= ∫0t(10+40e−s) ds= [10s−40e−s]0t= 10t−40e−t+40= 10t+40(1−e−t).\begin{align*} x=&\,\int_0^t(10+40e^{-s})\,\mathrm{d}s\\[4mm] =&\,\big[10s-40e^{-s}\big]_0^t\\[4mm] =&\,10t-40e^{-t}+40\\[4mm] =&\,10t+40(1-e^{-t}). \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 v=15v=15 代入速度式求时间,再将精确的 e−te^{-t} 与 tt 代入位移式。

答题过程

展开

From 15=10+40e−t15=10+40e^{-t} we get e−t=1/8e^{-t}=1/8 and t=ln⁡8t=\ln8. Therefore

x=10ln⁡8+40(1−1/8)=35+10ln⁡8≈55.8 m.x=10\ln8+40(1-1/8)=35+10\ln8\approx55.8\,\mathrm{m}.