题目
A parachutist of mass opens his parachute when he is moving vertically downwards with a speed of . At time after opening his parachute, he has fallen a distance from the point where he opened his parachute, and his speed is . The forces acting on him are his weight and a resistive force of magnitude .
(a) Find an expression for in terms of .
(b) Find an expression for in terms of .
(c) Find the distance that the parachutist has fallen, since opening his parachute, when his speed is .
题目中文翻译
一名质量为 的跳伞者在以速率 竖直向下运动时打开降落伞。打开降落伞后的时刻 ,他已从打开降落伞的位置下落了距离 ,此时速率为 。作用在他身上的力为重力和大小为 的阻力。
(a) 求 关于 的表达式。
(b) 求 关于 的表达式。
(c) 求跳伞者的速率为 时,自打开降落伞以来下落的距离。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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向下取正,重力与线性阻力给出一阶微分方程。将速度减去平衡速率 后,方程可分离变量。
答题过程
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Take downwards as positive. Newton’s second law gives
On the branch starting at , separation gives
At , , so . Exponentiating gives , hence . This remains above for all finite , consistently with the chosen branch.
(b)
解法一
思路
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向下位移的导数是上一问的速率。用开伞时 作为积分初值。
答题过程
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The distance fallen is
(c)
解法一
思路
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先把 代入速度式求时间,再将精确的 与 代入位移式。
答题过程
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From we get and . Therefore