题目
An object is formed by removing a solid hemisphere, radius , from a uniform solid cone, radius and semi-vertical angle , where . The axes of symmetry of the cone and the hemisphere coincide. The base of the cone and the base of the hemisphere are in the same plane as each other (see diagram).
(a) Find, in terms of , the distance of the centre of mass of the object from its base.
The object is placed such that its circular base makes contact with a rough plane which is inclined to the horizontal at an angle . The object is on the point of toppling. The plane is sufficiently rough to prevent sliding.
(b) Find the value of .
题目中文翻译
从一个底面半径为 、半顶角为 的均匀实心圆锥中挖去一个半径为 的实心半球,形成一个物体,其中 。圆锥与半球的对称轴重合,二者的底面位于同一平面内(见图)。
(a) 用 表示该物体的质心到底面的距离。
将该物体放置在一个与水平面成 角的粗糙平面上,使其圆形底面与该平面接触。物体恰好要倾倒。平面足够粗糙,使物体不会滑动。
(b) 求 的值。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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沿共同对称轴取矩。把挖去的半球看作负质量,用两部分的体积代替质量计算。
答题过程
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The cone has height , volume , and centre of mass at height above its base. The removed hemisphere has volume , and its centre of mass is above the same base. If is the required height, the volume moments give
(b)
解法一
思路
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即将倾倒时,重力的作用线经过底面下坡侧的边缘。在沿最大坡度方向的截面内,用底面半径与质心高度求倾角。
答题过程
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In the cross-section along the line of greatest slope, the vertical through the centre of mass reaches the downhill rim of the circular base at limiting equilibrium. The axis of the cone makes angle with the vertical, so
Thus .