题目
A fixed hollow sphere has radius and centre . The points , and lie on the inner surface of the sphere with and horizontal. A portion of the sphere has been removed by a horizontal cut through points and at a vertical distance above the centre of the sphere, where is a positive constant and . The points , , and all lie in the same vertical plane. makes an angle with the upward vertical through (see diagram).
A particle of mass is free to move on the smooth inner surface of the sphere. The particle is projected vertically downwards from with speed and begins to move in a vertical circle.
(a) In the case where , the reaction on at is half the reaction on at .
Find the value of .
(b) Find an expression for , in terms of and , in the case that the particle just reaches .
(c) Find an expression for , in terms of and , in the case that the particle passes through and in its subsequent motion reaches .
题目中文翻译
一个固定的空心球的半径为 ,球心为 。点 、 和 位于球的内表面上,其中 和 水平。在高于球心 的位置,沿经过 、 的水平面切去球的一部分,其中 为正常数且 。点 、、 和 位于同一个竖直平面内。 与过 的竖直向上方向成 角(见图)。
质量为 的质点 可在球的光滑内表面上自由运动。将 从 以速率 竖直向下发射,质点开始做竖直圆周运动。
(a) 当 时, 在 处受到的支持力是其在 处受到的支持力的一半。
求 的值。
(b) 在质点恰好到达 的情况下,用 和 表示 。
(c) 在质点经过 并在随后的运动中到达 的情况下,用 和 表示 。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
官方原题 (b) 要求质点“just reaches ”,官方评分标准据此取 处速率为零,得到 。但由 (a) 的 ,此时若仍沿球面运动, 处所需支持力为 ;光滑球面不能提供负的支持力,质点会在到达 前脱离球面。
实际上应为同时满足球面接触条件:沿内表面到达 时必须有 ,不能将 处速率取为零。若“恰好到达”指保持接触到达 所需的最小初速,则应取 处支持力为零。本页忠实保留官方英文原题与中文翻译,不擅自改写该条件。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先由图读出 。用 、 两点的径向方程表示支持力,再用能量守恒消去 点速率。
答题过程
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Let be the speed at , and , the normal reactions. The height of above is , so . The radial equations towards give
Using yields . Energy conservation from to also gives . Equating the expressions for gives
Since , .
(c)
解法一
思路
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从 飞到同高的 时,用竖直运动求飞行时间,再用这段时间内的水平位移求 点速率。
答题过程
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The tangent at points upwards towards , at angle above the horizontal. Since , the separation is . Let be the speed at . For the flight from to , the vertical displacement is zero, so the nonzero flight time is . The horizontal displacement then gives
Since , cancelling gives
Since is above , conservation of energy up to gives
At , the reaction just before reaching the rim is , consistent with reaching the rim in contact.
解法二
思路
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也可直接以 为原点写抛物线轨迹,把 的坐标代入。
答题过程
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Take horizontally from towards , and upwards from . The trajectory is
At , and . Dividing by the nonzero gives
Adding the energy required for the rise from to gives , so .
解法三
思路
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还可利用抛物线的对称性。最高点在 的中垂线上,对轨迹求导后在该处令斜率为零。
答题过程
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In coordinates based at , the slope of the trajectory is
As and are at the same height, the maximum occurs halfway across, at . Thus
By conservation of energy between and , . Hence .