题目
Problem
A ball of mass m kg is projected vertically upwards with initial speed U m s−1 and moves under gravity. At time t s after projection, the ball has travelled a distance x m and its speed is v m s−1. There is a resistive force of magnitude mkv2 N, where k is a positive constant.
(a) Show that the distance travelled by the ball when it is moving upwards is
x=2k1ln(g+kv2g+kU2).
(4)
It is given that k=0.025 and that U=20.
(b) Find the time taken for the ball to reach its maximum height.
(4)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 m kg 的球以初速率 U m s−1 竖直向上抛出,并在重力作用下运动。抛出后 t s 时,球已运动的路程为 x m,速率为 v m s−1。球还受到大小为 mkv2 N 的阻力,其中 k 为正常数。
(a) 证明球向上运动时已运动的路程为
x=2k1ln(g+kv2g+kU2).
(4)
已知 k=0.025 且 U=20。
(b) 求球到达最大高度所需的时间。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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在上升阶段,重力和阻力都向下,且路程的导数就是速率。用 vdv/dx 表示加速度并分离变量。
答题过程
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Taking upwards as positive while the ball rises gives
mvdxdv=vdxdv=−mg−mkv2,−g−kv2.
Integrating from speed U at x=0 to speed v gives
x====−∫Uvg+ks2sds[−2k1ln(g+ks2)]Uv2kln(g+kU2)−ln(g+kv2)2k1ln(g+kv2g+kU2).
(b)
解法一
思路
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要求时间时使用 dv/dt。把 g+kv2 写成常数乘 400+v2,然后用反正切积分。
答题过程
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With g=10 and k=1/40, the ascent satisfies dv/dt=−(400+v2)/40. The time to the highest point is
t====−40∫200400+v21dv[−2arctan20v]200−2arctan0+2arctan12πs≈1.57s.