题目
Problem
ABCD is a uniform square lamina of side 6a. Points E and F are on DC and AB respectively and are such that DE=FB=h. The quadrilateral BCEF is removed from the square lamina (see diagram).
(a) Show that the distance of the centre of mass of the resulting lamina AFED from AD is
18ah2−6ah+36a2
and find a corresponding expression for the distance of the centre of mass from AB.
(5)
When the lamina AFED is suspended from the point D, the edge DA makes an angle θ with the downward vertical, where tanθ=157.
(b) Find, in terms of a, the two possible values of h.
(3)
题目中文翻译
ABCD 是一块边长为 6a 的均匀正方形薄片。点 E 和 F 分别在 DC 和 AB 上,且 DE=FB=h。从正方形薄片中移去四边形 BCEF(见图)。
(a) 证明剩余薄片 AFED 的质心到 AD 的距离为
18ah2−6ah+36a2
并求质心到 AB 的距离的相应表达式。
(5)
当薄片 AFED 从点 D 悬挂时,边 DA 与竖直向下方向成 θ 角,其中 tanθ=157。
(b) 用 a 表示 h 的两个可能值。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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取 A 为原点,把剩下的梯形分成左侧矩形和右侧三角形。以面积代替质量,分别对 AD、AB 取矩。
答题过程
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Take A=(0,0), with coordinates to the right and upwards. Then E=(h,6a) and F=(6a−h,0). Let G=(h,0). The rectangle AGED has area 6ah and centroid (h/2,3a). The triangle GFE has area 18a2−6ah and centroid ((h+6a)/3,2a), using the average of the three vertices. Thus
18a2x===18a2y===6ah2h+(18a2−6ah)(2a+3h)3ah2+36a3−6a2h−2ah2ah2−6a2h+36a3,6ah(3a)+(18a2−6ah)(2a)18a2h+36a3−12a2h36a3+6a2h.
The required distances are x=(h2−6ah+36a2)/(18a) and y=2a+h/3.
解法二
思路
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也可沿对角线 AE 把薄片分成两个三角形。由底边与高求面积,由三个顶点的坐标求质心。
答题过程
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Triangle AED has area 3ah and centroid (h/3,4a). Triangle AEF has area 18a2−3ah and centroid (2a,2a). With total area 18a2, the moments give
18a2x==18a2y===3ah3h+(18a2−3ah)(2a)ah2+36a3−6a2h,3ah(4a)+(18a2−3ah)(2a)12a2h+36a3−6a2h36a3+6a2h.
Therefore x=(h2−6ah+36a2)/(18a) and y=2a+h/3.
解法三
思路
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还可先补成一个矩形,再减去右上角的三角形。被减去部分的面积矩取负。
答题过程
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Let H=(6a−h,6a). The rectangle AFHD has area 36a2−6ah and centroid (3a−h/2,3a). Triangle EFH has area 18a2−6ah and centroid (4a−h/3,4a). Subtracting the triangle’s moments gives
18a2x===18a2y===(36a2−6ah)(3a−2h)−(18a2−6ah)(4a−3h)108a3−36a2h+3ah2−(72a3−30a2h+2ah2)ah2−6a2h+36a3,(36a2−6ah)(3a)−(18a2−6ah)(4a)108a3−18a2h−72a3+24a2h36a3+6a2h.
Dividing by 18a2 gives x=(h2−6ah+36a2)/(18a) and y=2a+h/3.
(b)
解法一
思路
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悬挂平衡时,质心恰在 D 的正下方。用原来的薄片坐标表示 D 到质心的位移,再根据转角列正切式。
答题过程
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The displacement from D=(0,6a) to the centre of mass has horizontal component x and downward component 6a−y. The line joining these points becomes vertical, so
6a−yx==18a(4a−h/3)h2−6ah+36a2157.
Since 6a−y>0, cross-multiplying gives 15(h2−6ah+36a2)=7(72a2−6ah). Expanding and collecting gives 15h2−48ah+36a2=0. Dividing by 3 yields
5h2−16ah+12a2=(h−2a)(5h−6a)=0.
Both solutions lie in 0<h<3a, as required by the diagram, so h=2a or 6a/5.