A light elastic string has natural length 2.5m and modulus of elasticity 15N. One end of the string is attached to the fixed point O, and the other end is attached to a particle P of mass 1.5kg. The particle P is held at O and then released from rest so that it begins to fall vertically. In its subsequent motion, P moves with velocity vms−1 when the extension of the string is xm. The maximum extension of the string during this motion is Em.
(a) Show that, for 0<x<E,
v2=−4(x2−5x−12.5).
(3)
(b) Find the value of E.
(1)
(c) Find the maximum speed of P.
(2)
题目中文翻译
一根轻弹性绳的自然长度为 2.5m,弹性模量为 15N。绳的一端连接于固定点 O,另一端连接于质量为 1.5kg 的质点 P。将质点 P 保持在 O 处,然后从静止释放,使其开始竖直下落。在随后的运动中,当绳的伸长量为 xm 时,P 的速度为 vms−1。在这一运动过程中,绳的最大伸长量为 Em。
(a) 证明,当 0<x<E 时,
v2=−4(x2−5x−12.5).
(3)
(b) 求 E 的值。
(1)
(c) 求 P 的最大速率。
(2)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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从 O 到伸长为 x 的位置,共下落 2.5+x。绳在前 2.5 米内松弛,只有伸长部分产生弹性势能。
答题过程
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Conservation of energy from release, using g=10, gives
1.5(10)(2.5+x)=21(1.5)v2+2(2.5)15x2.
Thus 37.5+15x=0.75v2+3x2, which rearranges to v2=−4(x2−5x−12.5).
解法二
思路
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也可先求刚拉直绳时的速度。绳拉直后,合力为重力减张力,将加速度写成 vdv/dx 后积分。
答题过程
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Free fall through 2.5m gives v2=2(10)(2.5)=50 at x=0. When the string is stretched, Newton’s second law gives
1.5vdxdv=vdxdv=15−2.515x,10−4x.
Integrating gives
∫vdv=21v2=∫(10−4x)dx,10x−2x2+C.
At x=0, v2=50, so C=25. Therefore v2=50+20x−4x2=−4(x2−5x−12.5).
(b)
解法一
思路
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最大伸长处瞬时静止。令 v=0,解二次方程并保留正根。
答题过程
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At maximum extension, E2−5E−12.5=0. The roots are E=(5±25+50)/2=25(1±3). Reject 25(1−3)<0 because an extension must be positive. Thus
E=25(1+3)≈6.83m.
(c)
解法一
思路
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对速度平方配方,确定抛物线顶点。再和绳刚拉直时的速度比较。
答题过程
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While the string is stretched, v2=75−4(x−2.5)2. Its maximum is 75 at x=2.5, which lies in (0,E). During free fall before stretching, the speed squared reaches only 50. Thus the maximum speed is 53≈8.66ms−1.