题目
An object consists of a uniform solid cube of side length , and two uniform solid square-based pyramids. The cube and the pyramids are made of the same material.
One pyramid, of base length and height , is fixed to the top face of the cube so that the base of this pyramid and the face of the cube coincide. Point is at the top vertex of this pyramid. Point is in the centre of the bottom face of the cube, vertically below . The second pyramid, of base length and height , is fixed to a vertical face of the cube so that the base of this pyramid and the vertical face of the cube coincide (see diagram, which shows a cross-section, including the axes of symmetry).
(a) Find an expression for the distance of the centre of mass of the object from in terms of , and .
The object is placed on a horizontal plane so that the bottom face of the cube that contains point is in contact with the plane. It is given that the object is on the point of toppling.
(b) Find the value of in terms of and .
(c) Given that , find the value of .
题目中文翻译
一个物体由一个棱长为 的均匀实心正方体和两个底面为正方形的均匀实心四棱锥组成。正方体与四棱锥由同一种材料制成。
一个底边长为 、高为 的四棱锥固定在正方体的顶面上,使该四棱锥的底面与正方体的顶面重合。点 是该四棱锥的顶点。点 位于正方体底面的中心,在 的正下方。第二个四棱锥的底边长为 、高为 ,固定在正方体的一个竖直面上,使该四棱锥的底面与正方体的这个竖直面重合(见图,图中显示了包含对称轴的截面)。
(a) 求物体的质心到 的距离的表达式,用 、 和 表示。
将物体放在一个水平面上,使正方体包含点 的底面与水平面接触。已知物体处于即将倾倒的临界状态。
(b) 求 的值,用 和 表示。
(c) 已知 ,求 的值。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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只需求质心到竖直线 的水平距离。立方体和上方棱锥的质心在 上,侧面棱锥的质心在其底面外 处。
答题过程
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Let be the horizontal distance of the centre of mass from , positive towards the side pyramid. Since the density is the same throughout, the masses are proportional to the volumes
The first two centres of mass lie on . The centre of mass of the side pyramid lies one quarter of the way from the centre of its base to its vertex, at distance from . Taking moments gives
(b)
解法一
思路
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即将倾倒时,质心的竖直投影恰好在立方体底面朝侧棱锥的一条边上。把这个条件代入质心公式,并选取正的高度。
答题过程
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At limiting equilibrium, the line of action of the weight passes through the edge of the base nearest the side pyramid, so . Therefore
Expanding gives , so . The quadratic formula gives
Since , the minus root is negative. Hence
(c)
解法一
思路
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用上一问尚未开方的方程,代入给定的高,最后根据侧棱锥的高度确定 的符号。
答题过程
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Substituting into gives
As , we obtain .