题目
A particle of mass is moving in a straight horizontal line under a variable force , where is the velocity of at time , is the initial velocity of , and is a positive constant. It is given that and .
(a) Explain why, initially, the acceleration and velocity of have opposite directions.
(b) Find, in terms of , the distance travelled by until it first comes to instantaneous rest.
(c) Find, in terms of and , the time taken for to first come to instantaneous rest.
题目中文翻译
质量为 的质点 在变力 的作用下沿一条水平直线运动,其中 是 在时刻 的速度, 是 的初速度, 是正常数。已知 且 。
(a) 解释为什么初始时 的加速度与速度方向相反。
(b) 求 首次达到瞬时静止之前经过的路程,用 表示。
(c) 求 首次达到瞬时静止所需的时间,用 和 表示。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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把初速度代入加速度表达式,比较两者的符号。
答题过程
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Newton’s second law gives acceleration . Initially, this is , whereas the initial velocity is . The two directions are therefore opposite.
(b)
解法一
思路
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用 表示加速度,在速度从 降至零的区间对 积分。
答题过程
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While , the acceleration is negative. With measured from the starting point,
Since on this interval, the logarithm below is defined. The velocity stays positive until the first stop, so displacement equals distance. The distance is
(c)
解法一
思路
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改用 表示加速度。把分母分解为两个一次因式,再对速度积分。
答题过程
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Let , so and . Since
both and are positive for . The time to reach is