题目
Problem
A particle of mass 0.5 kg moves along a horizontal straight line. Its velocity is v m s−1 at time t s. The forces acting on the particle are a driving force of magnitude 50 N and a resistance of magnitude 2v2 N. The initial velocity of the particle is 3 m s−1.
(a) Find an expression for v in terms of t.
(7)
(b) Deduce the limiting value of v.
(1)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 0.5 kg 的质点沿一条水平直线运动。在 t s 时,其速度为 v m s−1。作用在质点上的力为大小为 50 N 的驱动力和大小为 2v2 N 的阻力。质点的初速度为 3 m s−1。
(a) 求 v 用 t 表示的表达式。
(7)
(b) 由此推得 v 的极限值。
(1)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
沿初速度方向取正。把阻力代入牛顿第二定律,分离变量后对 25−v2 使用部分分式。
答题过程
展开
Newton’s second law gives
21dtdv=dtdv=50−2v2,4(25−v2).
On the branch starting at v=3, the speed increases towards 5, so 3≤v<5. Using partial fractions and separating variables gives
25−s21=∫3v25−s2ds=101[ln5−s5+s]3v=ln4(5−v)5+v=101(5−s1+5+s1),∫0t4dτ,4t,40t.
All logarithm arguments are positive since 3≤v<5. Exponentiating and rearranging gives
5+v=v(1+4e40t)=4e40t(5−v),20e40t−5.
Dividing and multiplying numerator and denominator by e−40t gives
v=54+e−40t4−e−40t.
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
指数项在 t 趋于无穷时趋于零。把这个极限代入速度式。
答题过程
展开
As t→∞, e−40t→0, and the limiting velocity is 5ms−1 in the original direction.