题目
Problem
A particle P of mass 5 kg moves along a horizontal straight line. At time t s, the velocity of P is v m s−1 and its displacement from a fixed point O on the line is x m. The forces acting on P are a force of magnitude v500 N in the direction OP and a resistive force of magnitude 21v2 N. When t=0, x=0 and v=5.
(a) Find an expression for v in terms of x.
(6)
(b) State the value that the speed approaches for large values of x.
(1)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 5 kg 的质点 P 沿一条水平直线运动。在 t s 时,P 的速度为 v m s−1,相对于直线上固定点 O 的位移为 x m。作用在 P 上的力为沿 OP 方向、大小为 v500 N 的力,以及大小为 21v2 N 的阻力。当 t=0 时,x=0,v=5。
(a) 求 v 用 x 表示的表达式。
(6)
(b) 写出当 x 很大时,速率趋近的值。
(1)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
沿初始运动方向取正。用 vdv/dx 写加速度,分离变量后利用分母 1000−v3 的导数。
答题过程
展开
On the branch from x=0 with v=5, the applied force is forwards and the resistance is backwards. Newton’s second law gives
5vdxdv=dvdx=∫0xdξ=v500−21v2,1000−v310v2,∫5v1000−s310s2ds.
The speed increases from 5 towards the value 10 at which the resultant force is zero. On this branch 5≤v<10, so 1000−v3>0. Since d(1000−s3)/ds=−3s2, integration gives
x=−310[ln(1000−s3)]5v.
Using 1000−53=875, we obtain
x=−310ln(8751000−v3).
Multiplying by −3/10 and exponentiating gives
ln8751000−v3=1000−v3=−103x,875e−3x/10.
Therefore
v=(1000−875e−3x/10)1/3.
For x≥0 this velocity stays positive, consistent with forward motion.
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
当 x 趋于无穷时,速度表达式中的指数项趋于零。
答题过程
展开
As x→∞, e−3x/10→0, so the speed approaches 10ms−1.