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CIE 9231 2022 November Paper 32 Q4

A Level / CIE / FM

CIE 9231 2022 Nov Paper 32 Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

A particle PP of mass 5 kg5\text{ kg} moves along a horizontal straight line. At time t st\text{ s}, the velocity of PP is v m s−1v\text{ m s}^{-1} and its displacement from a fixed point OO on the line is x mx\text{ m}. The forces acting on PP are a force of magnitude 500v N\frac{500}v\text{ N} in the direction OPOP and a resistive force of magnitude 12v2 N\frac12v^2\text{ N}. When t=0t=0, x=0x=0 and v=5v=5.

(a) Find an expression for vv in terms of xx.

(6)

(b) State the value that the speed approaches for large values of xx.

(1)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 5 kg5\text{ kg} 的质点 PP 沿一条水平直线运动。在 t st\text{ s} 时,PP 的速度为 v m s−1v\text{ m s}^{-1},相对于直线上固定点 OO 的位移为 x mx\text{ m}。作用在 PP 上的力为沿 OPOP 方向、大小为 500v N\frac{500}v\text{ N} 的力,以及大小为 12v2 N\frac12v^2\text{ N} 的阻力。当 t=0t=0 时,x=0x=0,v=5v=5。

(a) 求 vv 用 xx 表示的表达式。

(6)

(b) 写出当 xx 很大时,速率趋近的值。

(1)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (gg) is needed, use 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.

需要使用重力加速度 gg 的数值时,取 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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沿初始运动方向取正。用 v dv/dxv\,\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}x 写加速度,分离变量后利用分母 1000−v31000-v^3 的导数。

答题过程

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On the branch from x=0x=0 with v=5v=5, the applied force is forwards and the resistance is backwards. Newton’s second law gives

5vdvdx= 500v−12v2,dxdv= 10v21000−v3,∫0x dξ= ∫5v10s21000−s3 ds.\begin{align*} 5v\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{d}x}=&\,\frac{500}{v}-\frac12v^2,\\[4mm] \frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}v}=&\,\frac{10v^2}{1000-v^3},\\[4mm] \int_0^x\,\mathrm{d}\xi=&\,\int_5^v\frac{10s^2}{1000-s^3}\,\mathrm{d}s. \end{align*}

The speed increases from 55 towards the value 1010 at which the resultant force is zero. On this branch 5≤v<105\le v<10, so 1000−v3>01000-v^3>0. Since d(1000−s3)/ds=−3s2\mathrm{d}(1000-s^3)/\mathrm{d}s=-3s^2, integration gives

x=−103[ln⁡(1000−s3)]5v.x=-\frac{10}{3}\big[\ln(1000-s^3)\big]_5^v.

Using 1000−53=8751000-5^3=875, we obtain

x=−103ln⁡(1000−v3875).x=-\frac{10}{3}\ln\bigg(\frac{1000-v^3}{875}\bigg).

Multiplying by −3/10-3/10 and exponentiating gives

ln⁡1000−v3875= −3x10,1000−v3= 875e−3x/10.\begin{align*} \ln\frac{1000-v^3}{875}=&\,-\frac{3x}{10},\\[4mm] 1000-v^3=&\,875e^{-3x/10}. \end{align*}

Therefore

v=(1000−875e−3x/10)1/3.v=\bigg(1000-875e^{-3x/10}\bigg)^{1/3}.

For x≥0x\ge0 this velocity stays positive, consistent with forward motion.

(b)

解法一

思路

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当 xx 趋于无穷时,速度表达式中的指数项趋于零。

答题过程

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As x→∞x\to\infty, e−3x/10→0e^{-3x/10}\to0, so the speed approaches 10 m s−110\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}}.