题目
Two uniform smooth spheres and of equal radii have masses and respectively. The two spheres are moving with equal speeds on a smooth horizontal surface when they collide. Immediately before the collision, ’s direction of motion makes an angle of with the line of centres, and ’s direction of motion makes an angle with the line of centres (see diagram). The coefficient of restitution between the spheres is .
After the collision, the component of the velocity of along the line of centres is and moves perpendicular to the line of centres. Sphere now has twice as much kinetic energy as sphere .
(a) Show that .
(b) Find the value of .
(c) Find the value of .
题目中文翻译
两个半径相等的均匀光滑球体 和 的质量分别为 和 。两球在光滑水平面上均以速率 运动,并发生碰撞。碰撞前的瞬间, 的运动方向与两球的连心线成 角, 的运动方向与连心线成 角(见图)。两球之间的恢复系数为 。
碰撞后, 沿连心线方向的速度分量为 , 则沿垂直于连心线的方向运动。此时球体 的动能是球体 的两倍。
(a) 证明 。
(b) 求 的值。
(c) 求 的值。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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取沿球心连线从 指向 为正。 碰后垂直于球心连线,因此碰后沿线的动量只来自 。
答题过程
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Along the line from to , the incoming components are for and for . The final components are and zero. Conservation of momentum gives
so .
(b)
解法一
思路
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碰撞不改变垂直于球心连线的速度分量。将两球碰后动能写成速度分量的平方和,再代入动能比。
答题过程
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The perpendicular components have magnitudes and . Since the kinetic energy of is twice that of ,
Writing and using part (a) gives
The angle shown is acute, so .
(c)
解法一
思路
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恢复系数是球心连线方向上的分离速率与接近速率之比。用上一问的 求两者。
答题过程
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With , part (a) gives . The separation speed is , and the approach speed is . Thus .