题目
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light inextensible rod of length . An identical particle is attached to the other end of the rod. The rod is smoothly pivoted at a point on the rod, where . The system, of rod and particles, rotates about in a vertical plane.
At an instant when the rod is vertical, with above , the particle is moving horizontally with speed . When the rod has turned through an angle of from the vertical, the speed of is , and the tensions in the two parts of the rod, and , have equal magnitudes.
(a) Show that the speed of when the rod has turned through an angle of from the vertical is .
(b) Find in terms of .
(c) Find in terms of and .
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 的质点 连接在一根长为 的不可伸长轻杆的一端。一个相同的质点 连接在杆的另一端。杆在其上的点 处由光滑枢轴支承,其中 。由杆和质点组成的系统在竖直平面内绕 转动。
在杆竖直且 位于 上方的某一瞬间,质点 以速率 沿水平方向运动。当杆从竖直位置转过 角时, 的速率为 ,且杆的两部分 和 中的张力大小相等。
(a) 证明,当杆从竖直位置转过 角时, 的速率为 。
(b) 用 表示 。
(c) 用 和 表示 。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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两粒子在同一根刚杆上,绕 的角速度相同。线速率之比等于各自圆周半径之比。
答题过程
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The radii of the paths of and are and . At the stated instant their angular speeds are equal, so
(b)
解法一
思路
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分别沿两粒子指向 的方向列式。轻杆可受拉也可受压,先用有符号的杆力检查两段是否可能符号相反。
答题过程
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Let and be the signed inward forces exerted by the rod. For the common angular speed , the radial equations are
Adding gives . Equal magnitudes therefore imply , since opposite signed forces of equal magnitude would have sum zero. Subtracting the two radial equations, using , gives . Hence
Substitution of gives
Rearranging,
As , we obtain .
(c)
解法一
思路
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对整个系统用机械能守恒。 下降、 上升,重力势能只需计算两者高度变化的净值。两粒子在每一时刻的速率比都由杆长确定。
答题过程
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With , the two radii are and . Initially the speeds are and . After the turn they are and . The vertical drop of is , and the rise of is . Thus the gain in kinetic energy is , giving
Cancelling gives , so and . Since , .