题目
Problem
A particle P of mass 0.5 kg moves in a straight line. At time t s the velocity of P is v m s−1 and its displacement from a fixed point O on the line is x m. The only forces acting on P are a force of magnitude (x+1)2150 N in the direction of increasing displacement and a resistive force of magnitude (x+1)3450 N. When t=0, x=0 and v=20.
Find v in terms of x, giving your answer in the form v=(x+1)Ax+B, where A and B are constants to be determined.
(6)
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 0.5 kg 的质点 P 沿直线运动。在 t s 时,P 的速度为 v m s−1,相对于直线上固定点 O 的位移为 x m。作用在 P 上的力只有一个大小为 (x+1)2150 N、沿位移增大方向的力,以及一个大小为 (x+1)3450 N 的阻力。当 t=0 时,x=0 且 v=20。
用 x 表示 v,将答案写成 v=(x+1)Ax+B 的形式,其中 A 和 B 为待定常数。
(6)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要使用重力加速度 g 的数值时,取 10ms−2。
解答
解法一
思路
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在向前运动的分支,用 vdv/dx 表示加速度。积分后把速度平方整理成完全平方,并用初速度确定符号。
答题过程
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The motion starts towards increasing x. On this branch Newton’s second law gives
21vdxdv=(x+1)2150−(x+1)3450.
Integrating with respect to x gives
41v2=−x+1150+(x+1)2225+C.
At x=0, v=20, so 100=−150+225+C and C=25. Therefore
v2====100−x+1600+(x+1)2900(x+1)2100(x+1)2−600(x+1)+900(x+1)2100(x2−4x+4)(x+1)2100(x−2)2.
The branch satisfying v=20 at x=0 is
v=−x+110(x−2)=x+120−10x.
Thus A=−10 and B=20. On this branch 0≤x<2. Indeed, separating dx/dt=10(2−x)/(x+1) gives
10t===∫0x2−ss+1ds[−s−3ln(2−s)]0x−x+3ln2−x2.
This tends to infinity as x→2−, so the particle approaches x=2 without reaching it in finite time.