题目
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light rod of length . The other end of the rod is able to pivot smoothly about the fixed point . The particle is also attached to one end of a light spring of natural length and modulus of elasticity . The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point . The points and are in a horizontal line, a distance apart, and these two points and the rod are in a vertical plane.
Initially, is held in equilibrium by a vertical force with the stretched length of the spring equal to (see diagram). The particle is released from rest in this position and has a speed of when the rod becomes horizontal.
(a) Find the value of .
(b) Find in terms of and .
(c) Find, in terms of and , the tension in the rod immediately before it is released.
题目中文翻译
一个质量为 的质点 连接在一根长为 的轻杆的一端。杆的另一端可以绕固定点 光滑转动。质点还连接在一根自然长度为 、弹性模量为 的轻弹簧的一端。弹簧的另一端连接在固定点 处。点 和 位于同一水平直线上,相距 ,且这两点与杆位于同一个竖直平面内。
最初, 在一个竖直力 的作用下保持平衡,此时弹簧拉伸后的长度为 (见图)。质点从这一位置由静止释放,当杆变为水平时,其速率为 。
(a) 求 的值。
(b) 用 和 表示 。
(c) 用 和 表示释放前瞬间杆中的张力。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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初始时 是 –– 直角三角形,先由面积求 到 的高度。杆转至水平时,弹簧仍伸长 。用弹性势能减少量支付动能与重力势能的增加。
答题过程
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Initially , and , so the triangle is right-angled at . Equating the two expressions for its area gives the height of below as .
When the rod first reaches the horizontal towards , . The spring extensions are therefore initially and at the horizontal position. Conservation of energy after release gives
The left side is and the right side is . Dividing by gives
so .
(b)
解法一
思路
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释放前沿垂直于杆的方向平衡。该方向恰好沿弹簧,杆力在这个方向没有分量。
答题过程
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The initial spring tension is . If the rod makes an angle below the horizontal, then and .
The component of the combined downward force opposite to the spring is . Hence
解法二
思路
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也可以在水平和竖直方向列平衡方程。用水平式消去未知的杆力。
答题过程
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Write for the tension in the rod and for the spring tension. The spring makes angle with the horizontal. Equilibrium gives
The first equation gives . Substituting into the second gives
Thus .
(c)
解法一
思路
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沿杆平衡时弹簧力没有分量。用合并后的竖直向下力在杆方向的分量求张力。
答题过程
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The rod tension balances the component of along the rod away from . Thus
解法二
思路
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也可只使用水平方向的平衡。杆与弹簧的水平分量大小相同、方向相反。
答题过程
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The horizontal equilibrium equation is . Therefore