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CIE 9231 2023 November Paper 32 Q7

A Level / CIE / FM

CIE 9231 2023 Nov Paper 32 Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

A particle PP of mass mm is attached to one end of a light rod of length 3a3a. The other end of the rod is able to pivot smoothly about the fixed point AA. The particle is also attached to one end of a light spring of natural length aa and modulus of elasticity kmgkmg. The other end of the spring is attached to a fixed point BB. The points AA and BB are in a horizontal line, a distance 5a5a apart, and these two points and the rod are in a vertical plane.

Initially, PP is held in equilibrium by a vertical force FF with the stretched length of the spring equal to 4a4a (see diagram). The particle is released from rest in this position and has a speed of 652ag\frac65\sqrt{2ag} when the rod becomes horizontal.

(a) Find the value of kk.

(5)

(b) Find FF in terms of mm and gg.

(2)

(c) Find, in terms of mm and gg, the tension in the rod immediately before it is released.

(2)
题目中文翻译

一个质量为 mm 的质点 PP 连接在一根长为 3a3a 的轻杆的一端。杆的另一端可以绕固定点 AA 光滑转动。质点还连接在一根自然长度为 aa、弹性模量为 kmgkmg 的轻弹簧的一端。弹簧的另一端连接在固定点 BB 处。点 AA 和 BB 位于同一水平直线上,相距 5a5a,且这两点与杆位于同一个竖直平面内。

最初,PP 在一个竖直力 FF 的作用下保持平衡,此时弹簧拉伸后的长度为 4a4a(见图)。质点从这一位置由静止释放,当杆变为水平时,其速率为 652ag\frac65\sqrt{2ag}。

(a) 求 kk 的值。

(5)

(b) 用 mm 和 gg 表示 FF。

(2)

(c) 用 mm 和 gg 表示释放前瞬间杆中的张力。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (gg) is needed, use 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.

需要使用重力加速度 gg 的数值时,取 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

初始时 APBAPB 是 33–44–55 直角三角形,先由面积求 PP 到 ABAB 的高度。杆转至水平时,弹簧仍伸长 aa。用弹性势能减少量支付动能与重力势能的增加。

答题过程

展开

Initially AP=3aAP=3a, PB=4aPB=4a and AB=5aAB=5a, so the triangle is right-angled at PP. Equating the two expressions for its area gives the height of PP below ABAB as (3a)(4a)/(5a)=12a/5(3a)(4a)/(5a)=12a/5.

When the rod first reaches the horizontal towards BB, PB=5a−3a=2aPB=5a-3a=2a. The spring extensions are therefore 3a3a initially and aa at the horizontal position. Conservation of energy after release gives

 kmg2a((3a)2−a2)= 12m(652ag)2+mg12a5.\begin{align*} &\,\frac{kmg}{2a}\big((3a)^2-a^2\big)\\[4mm] =&\,\frac12m\bigg(\frac65\sqrt{2ag}\bigg)^2+mg\frac{12a}{5}. \end{align*}

The left side is 4kmga4kmga and the right side is (36/25+12/5)mga(36/25+12/5)mga. Dividing by mgamga gives

4k=3625+6025=9625,4k=\frac{36}{25}+\frac{60}{25}=\frac{96}{25},

so k=24/25k=24/25.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

释放前沿垂直于杆的方向平衡。该方向恰好沿弹簧,杆力在这个方向没有分量。

答题过程

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The initial spring tension is T=kmg(3a)/a=3kmg=72mg/25T=kmg(3a)/a=3kmg=72mg/25. If the rod makes an angle θ\theta below the horizontal, then sin⁡θ=4/5\sin\theta=4/5 and cos⁡θ=3/5\cos\theta=3/5.

The component of the combined downward force F+mgF+mg opposite to the spring is (F+mg)cos⁡θ(F+mg)\cos\theta. Hence

(F+mg)35= 7225mg,F+mg= 245mg,F= 195mg.\begin{align*} (F+mg)\frac35=&\,\frac{72}{25}mg,\\[4mm] F+mg=&\,\frac{24}{5}mg,\\[4mm] F=&\,\frac{19}{5}mg. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可以在水平和竖直方向列平衡方程。用水平式消去未知的杆力。

答题过程

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Write SS for the tension in the rod and T=72mg/25T=72mg/25 for the spring tension. The spring makes angle 90∘−θ90^\circ-\theta with the horizontal. Equilibrium gives

Scos⁡θ= Tsin⁡θ,Ssin⁡θ+Tcos⁡θ= F+mg.\begin{align*} S\cos\theta=&\,T\sin\theta,\\[4mm] S\sin\theta+T\cos\theta=&\,F+mg. \end{align*}

The first equation gives S=Tsin⁡θ/cos⁡θS=T\sin\theta/\cos\theta. Substituting into the second gives

F+mg= Tsin⁡2θ+cos⁡2θcos⁡θ= 72mg/253/5= 245mg.\begin{align*} F+mg=&\,T\frac{\sin^2\theta+\cos^2\theta}{\cos\theta}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{72mg/25}{3/5}\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{24}{5}mg. \end{align*}

Thus F=19mg/5F=19mg/5.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

沿杆平衡时弹簧力没有分量。用合并后的竖直向下力在杆方向的分量求张力。

答题过程

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The rod tension balances the component of F+mgF+mg along the rod away from AA. Thus

S= (F+mg)sin⁡θ= 245mg45= 9625mg.\begin{align*} S=&\,(F+mg)\sin\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{24}{5}mg\frac45\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{96}{25}mg. \end{align*}

解法二

思路

展开

也可只使用水平方向的平衡。杆与弹簧的水平分量大小相同、方向相反。

答题过程

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The horizontal equilibrium equation is Scos⁡θ=Tsin⁡θS\cos\theta=T\sin\theta. Therefore

S= Ttan⁡θ= 7225mg43= 9625mg.\begin{align*} S=&\,T\tan\theta\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{72}{25}mg\frac43\\[4mm] =&\,\frac{96}{25}mg. \end{align*}