题目
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length . The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point . The particle is held with the string taut and the string makes an angle with the downward vertical through . The particle is projected at right angles to the string with speed and begins to move downwards along a circular path. When the string is vertical, it strikes a small smooth peg at the point which is vertically below . The circular path and the point are in the same vertical plane. After the string strikes the peg, the particle begins to move in a vertical circle with centre . When the string makes an angle with the upward vertical through the string becomes slack (see diagram). The distance of below is .
(a) Find the value of .
(b) Find the ratio of the tensions in the string immediately before and immediately after it strikes the peg.
题目中文翻译
质量为 的质点 连接在一根长为 的不可伸长轻绳的一端。绳的另一端连接在固定点 。将质点 保持在绳绷紧的位置,此时绳与过 的竖直向下方向成角 。质点 沿垂直于绳的方向以速率 抛出,并开始沿圆形轨道向下运动。当绳处于竖直位置时,它碰到位于 正下方点 处的一个光滑小钉。圆形轨道与点 位于同一竖直平面内。绳碰到小钉后,质点 开始绕 在竖直圆周上运动。当绳与过 的竖直向上方向成角 时,绳变得松弛(见图)。 在 下方的距离为 。
(a) 求 的值。
(b) 求绳碰到小钉前、后瞬间的张力之比。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要使用重力加速度 的数值时,取 。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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钉子改变圆周半径。分别对接触钉子前和接触后列能量式,再在绳刚松弛处令张力为零。
答题过程
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Write . Let be the speed at the bottom, where the string first meets the peg, and let be the speed when it becomes slack. The first drop is , so
The new radius about is . From the bottom to the point of slackness, the rise is . Therefore
At slackness, the inward radial component alone supplies the centripetal force:
Thus , giving .
解法二
思路
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也可直接比较抛出点与松弛点的高度。用同一个水平面为基准,只列一次能量方程。
答题过程
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Relative to the bottom, the launch and slackness heights are and . The constraint does no work and the speed is continuous when the string meets the peg. Conservation of energy gives
With zero tension at slackness, . Equating the two expressions gives .
(b)
解法一
思路
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碰钉前后速率相同,但圆周半径从 变为 。在最低点,两次向心方向均竖直向上。
答题过程
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At the bottom, . The string is vertical and the weight acts away from the centre of either circle. The tensions immediately before and after the string meets the peg satisfy
Thus and , giving the ratio .