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CIE 9231 2025 November Paper 31 Q5

A Level / CIE / FM

CIE 9231 2025 Nov Paper 31 Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

A uniform lamina OABCDOABCD consists of a rectangle OACDOACD and a triangle ABCABC. The length of OAOA is kaka, the length of ODOD is 2a2a, the height of triangle ABCABC is hh and angle CABCAB is 45∘45^\circ (see diagram). Relative to axes through OO, parallel and perpendicular to OAOA as shown, the centre of mass of triangle ABCABC is (xˉ,yˉ)(\bar{x},\bar{y}).

(a) Show that

xˉ=13(3ka+h),\bar{x}=\frac13(3ka+h),

and find an expression for yˉ\bar{y}.

(3)

The lamina OABCDOABCD is placed vertically on its edge OAOA on a horizontal plane.

(b) Find, in terms of aa and kk, the set of values of hh for which the lamina is in equilibrium.

(4)

It is now given that k=33k=\frac{\sqrt3}{3} and that the lamina is on the point of toppling.

(c) Find, in terms of aa, the coordinates of the centre of mass of the triangle ABCABC.

(2)
题目中文翻译

均匀薄片 OABCDOABCD 由矩形 OACDOACD 和三角形 ABCABC 构成。OAOA 的长度为 kaka,ODOD 的长度为 2a2a,三角形 ABCABC 的高为 hh,且角 CABCAB 为 45∘45^\circ(见图)。相对于如图所示经过 OO、分别平行和垂直于 OAOA 的坐标轴,三角形 ABCABC 的质心为 (xˉ,yˉ)(\bar{x},\bar{y})。

(a) 证明

xˉ=13(3ka+h),\bar{x}=\frac13(3ka+h),

并求 yˉ\bar{y} 的表达式。

(3)

将薄片 OABCDOABCD 竖直放置在水平面上的边 OAOA 上。

(b) 用 aa 和 kk 表示使薄片处于平衡的 hh 的取值集合。

(4)

现已知 k=33k=\frac{\sqrt3}{3},且薄片正处于倾倒临界状态。

(c) 用 aa 表示三角形 ABCABC 质心的坐标。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (gg) is needed, use 10 m s−210\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}.

需要重力加速度的数值时,取 g=10 m s−2g=10\,\mathrm{m\,s^{-2}}。请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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BB 到直线 ACAC 的水平距离为 hh。由 45∘45^\circ 角,它到水平轴的高度也为 hh。取三个顶点坐标的平均。

答题过程

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The vertices are A=(ka,0)A=(ka,0), B=(ka+h,h)B=(ka+h,h) and C=(ka,2a)C=(ka,2a). Hence the centroid is

(ka+(ka+h)+ka3,0+h+2a3).\bigg(\frac{ka+(ka+h)+ka}{3},\frac{0+h+2a}{3}\bigg).

Therefore xˉ=13(3ka+h)\bar x=\frac13(3ka+h) and yˉ=13(2a+h)\boxed{\bar y=\frac13(2a+h)}.

解法二

思路

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也可用中线。重心从 ACAC 的中点向 BB 走整条中线的三分之一。

答题过程

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The midpoint of ACAC is (ka,a)(ka,a). The vector from that midpoint to BB is (h,h−a)(h,h-a), so the centroid is (ka,a)+13(h,h−a)(ka,a)+\frac13(h,h-a). This gives xˉ=ka+h/3\bar x=ka+h/3 and yˉ=(2a+h)/3\bar y=(2a+h)/3.

(b)

解法一

思路

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整体重心的竖直投影必须落在 OAOA 上。比较矩形和三角形对端点 AA 的面积矩,可直接判断投影是否越过 AA。

答题过程

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The rectangle has area 2ka22ka^2 and its centroid is a horizontal distance ka/2ka/2 to the left of AA. The triangle has area ahah and its centroid is h/3h/3 to the right of AA. Both centroids have non-negative horizontal coordinates from OO. Thus the projection of the combined centre of mass lies on OAOA exactly when the moment of area to the right of AA is at most the moment to its left:

ahh3≤2ka2ka2⟺h2≤3k2a2.ah\frac h3\le2ka^2\frac{ka}{2} \quad\Longleftrightarrow\quad h^2\le3k^2a^2.

Hence the equilibrium range is 0≤h≤3 ka\boxed{0\le h\le\sqrt3\,ka}, with h=0h=0 as the limiting rectangular case.

解法二

思路

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先按面积加权求整体质心的横坐标,再要求其不超过支撑边右端点 AA 的横坐标。用 XX 表示整体坐标,以区别于 (a) 中三角形的 xˉ\bar x。

答题过程

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Let XX be the horizontal coordinate of the centre of mass of the whole lamina. Taking area moments about the vertical axis gives

(2ka2+ah)X= 2ka2ka2+ah(ka+h3),X= k2a2+kah+h2/32ka+h.\begin{align*} (2ka^2+ah)X=&\,2ka^2\frac{ka}{2}+ah\bigg(ka+\frac h3\bigg),\\ X=&\,\frac{k^2a^2+kah+h^2/3}{2ka+h}. \end{align*}

All parts lie to the right of OO, so X≥0X\ge0. For equilibrium on OAOA, we also need X≤kaX\le ka. Since a,k>0a,k>0 and h≥0h\ge0, the denominator is positive. Hence

k2a2+kah+h23≤ ka(2ka+h),h23≤ k2a2.\begin{align*} k^2a^2+kah+\frac{h^2}{3}\le&\,ka(2ka+h),\\ \frac{h^2}{3}\le&\,k^2a^2. \end{align*}

Therefore 0≤h≤3 ka\boxed{0\le h\le\sqrt3\,ka}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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将要绕 AA 倾覆时,取 (b) 中的上限。代入给定的 kk 得 h=ah=a,再代回三角形的重心坐标。

答题过程

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At the point of toppling, h=3 ka=ah=\sqrt3\,ka=a. Substituting k=3/3k=\sqrt3/3 and h=ah=a into (a) gives

(xˉ,yˉ)=(a(1+3)3, a).\boxed{(\bar x,\bar y)=\bigg(\frac{a(1+\sqrt3)}{3},\,a\bigg)}.