题目
A uniform lamina consists of a rectangle and a triangle . The length of is , the length of is , the height of triangle is and angle is (see diagram). Relative to axes through , parallel and perpendicular to as shown, the centre of mass of triangle is .
(a) Show that
and find an expression for .
The lamina is placed vertically on its edge on a horizontal plane.
(b) Find, in terms of and , the set of values of for which the lamina is in equilibrium.
It is now given that and that the lamina is on the point of toppling.
(c) Find, in terms of , the coordinates of the centre of mass of the triangle .
题目中文翻译
均匀薄片 由矩形 和三角形 构成。 的长度为 , 的长度为 ,三角形 的高为 ,且角 为 (见图)。相对于如图所示经过 、分别平行和垂直于 的坐标轴,三角形 的质心为 。
(a) 证明
并求 的表达式。
将薄片 竖直放置在水平面上的边 上。
(b) 用 和 表示使薄片处于平衡的 的取值集合。
现已知 ,且薄片正处于倾倒临界状态。
(c) 用 表示三角形 质心的坐标。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要重力加速度的数值时,取 。请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
到直线 的水平距离为 。由 角,它到水平轴的高度也为 。取三个顶点坐标的平均。
答题过程
展开
The vertices are , and . Hence the centroid is
Therefore and .
解法二
思路
展开
也可用中线。重心从 的中点向 走整条中线的三分之一。
答题过程
展开
The midpoint of is . The vector from that midpoint to is , so the centroid is . This gives and .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
整体重心的竖直投影必须落在 上。比较矩形和三角形对端点 的面积矩,可直接判断投影是否越过 。
答题过程
展开
The rectangle has area and its centroid is a horizontal distance to the left of . The triangle has area and its centroid is to the right of . Both centroids have non-negative horizontal coordinates from . Thus the projection of the combined centre of mass lies on exactly when the moment of area to the right of is at most the moment to its left:
Hence the equilibrium range is , with as the limiting rectangular case.
解法二
思路
展开
先按面积加权求整体质心的横坐标,再要求其不超过支撑边右端点 的横坐标。用 表示整体坐标,以区别于 (a) 中三角形的 。
答题过程
展开
Let be the horizontal coordinate of the centre of mass of the whole lamina. Taking area moments about the vertical axis gives
All parts lie to the right of , so . For equilibrium on , we also need . Since and , the denominator is positive. Hence
Therefore .
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
将要绕 倾覆时,取 (b) 中的上限。代入给定的 得 ,再代回三角形的重心坐标。
答题过程
展开
At the point of toppling, . Substituting and into (a) gives