题目
A particle of mass is attached to one end of a light inextensible string of length . The other end of the string is attached to a fixed point . Initially is held with the string taut and making an angle of with the upward vertical through . The particle is projected perpendicular to the string in a downwards direction with speed . It then starts to move along a circular path in a vertical plane with centre (see diagram). At the lowest point of its path, vertically below , the particle collides with a stationary particle .
(a) Find, in terms of and , an expression for the speed of immediately before the collision with .
As a result of the collision, rebounds and moves back along a circular path with centre . The string becomes slack when reaches the point on the circle vertically above .
(b) Find, in terms of and , an expression for the speed of immediately after the collision with .
The mass of particle is and the collision between and is perfectly elastic.
(c) Find the value of .
题目中文翻译
质量为 的质点 连接于一根长度为 的轻质不可伸长细绳的一端,细绳另一端连接于固定点 。初始时, 被保持在细绳拉紧的位置,且细绳与经过 的竖直向上方向成 角。质点 以速度 沿垂直于细绳的向下方向投出。之后,它在以 为圆心的竖直平面内沿圆形轨迹运动(见图)。在轨迹的最低点,即 的正下方,质点 与一个静止质点 碰撞。
(a) 用 和 表示 与 碰撞前瞬间的速率。
碰撞后, 反弹并沿以 为圆心的圆形轨迹返回运动。当 到达圆周上 的正上方的点时,细绳变松。
(b) 用 和 表示 与 碰撞后瞬间的速率。
质点 的质量为 ,且 与 的碰撞为完全弹性碰撞。
(c) 求 的值。
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity () is needed, use .
需要重力加速度的数值时,取 。请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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初始位置在 上方 ,最低点在 下方 。张力垂直于速度,不做功。
答题过程
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The vertical drop before impact is . Conservation of energy gives , hence . The speed immediately before collision is .
(b)
解法一
思路
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到达最高点时绳恰好松弛,张力为零,重力单独提供向心力。由此求最高点速度,再用能量守恒回到碰撞后的最低点。
答题过程
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At the top the tension is zero, so and . If is the speed immediately after collision at the bottom, the rise to the top is . Conservation of energy gives , hence , and .
(c)
解法一
思路
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取 碰撞前的方向为正。反弹后 的速度为负,先用完全弹性碰撞的恢复关系求 的速度,再用动量守恒。
答题过程
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Let . With the incoming direction positive, has velocities before impact and afterward. If has final velocity , then gives . Thus .
Conservation of momentum gives . Dividing by gives , so .
解法二
思路
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完全弹性碰撞也可用动能守恒。将动量式与动能式结合,消去 的速度。
答题过程
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With and the incoming direction positive, momentum conservation gives . Kinetic energy conservation gives , or . Squaring the momentum equation and dividing by the energy equation gives .