题目
Problem
The lamina BFDE is obtained by removing triangles AED and BCF from a uniform square lamina ABCD of side 2a. The length of side AE is a and the length of side FC is h (see diagram). The centre of mass of BFDE is at a distance xˉ from AD, and at a distance yˉ from AB.
(a) Show that
xˉ=3(3a−h)h2−6ah+11a2
and find a corresponding expression for yˉ.
(5)
(b) The lamina BFDE is placed vertically on its edge EB on a smooth horizontal surface.
Find, in terms of a, the set of possible values of h for which the lamina remains in equilibrium.
(2)
题目中文翻译
薄片 BFDE 由边长为 2a 的均匀正方形薄片 ABCD 去除三角形 AED 和 BCF 得到。边 AE 的长度为 a,边 FC 的长度为 h(见图)。BFDE 的质心距 AD 的距离为 xˉ,距 AB 的距离为 yˉ。
(a) 证明
xˉ=3(3a−h)h2−6ah+11a2
并求 yˉ 的相应表达式。
(5)
(b) 将薄片 BFDE 竖直放置在光滑水平面上的边 EB 上。
用 a 表示使薄片保持平衡的 h 的可能取值集合。
(2)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Where a numerical value for the acceleration due to gravity (g) is needed, use 10ms−2.
需要重力加速度的数值时,取 g=10ms−2。请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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面密度相同,可用面积代替质量。以 AD 和 AB 为坐标基准,把挖去的两个三角形的面积及力矩从正方形中减掉。
答题过程
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Measure x from AD and y from AB. The centroid of a triangle is the average of its three vertex coordinates. The areas and centroids are
| Region | Area | Centroid x | Centroid y |
|---|
| ABCD | 4a2 | a | a |
| AED | a2 | a/3 | 2a/3 |
| BCF | ah | 2a−h/3 | 4a/3 |
The remaining area is M=3a2−ah. Taking area moments gives
Mxˉ==Myˉ==4a3−3a3−2a2h+3ah23a(h2−6ah+11a2),4a3−32a3−34a2h32a2(5a−2h).
Dividing by M=a(3a−h) gives
xˉ=yˉ=3(3a−h)h2−6ah+11a2,3(3a−h)2a(5a−2h).
解法二
思路
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也可沿 EF 将保留的部分分成两个三角形。用两个三角形的面积加权,不必对挖去的部分取负号。
答题过程
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The triangles DEF and EBF have respective areas a(2a−h) and a2. Their centroids, using distances from AD and AB, are
(33a−h,34a),(35a−h,32a).
Hence
(3a2−ah)xˉ=(3a2−ah)yˉ=3a[(2a−h)(3a−h)+a(5a−h)],34a2(2a−h)+32a3.
Expanding (2a−h)(3a−h)+a(5a−h)=6a2−5ah+h2+5a2−ah=h2−6ah+11a2 and dividing by a(3a−h) gives
xˉ=yˉ=3(3a−h)h2−6ah+11a2,3(3a−h)2a(5a−2h).
(b)
解法一
思路
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重力的作用线必须落在支撑边 EB 上。沿 AB 的坐标中,E 在 a,B 在 2a;重心本来就在正方形内,只需再检查左端。
答题过程
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The vertical line through the centre of mass must meet EB, so a≤xˉ≤2a. The upper condition holds because the lamina lies in the square. For 0≤h≤2a, we have 3a−h>0, so the lower condition becomes
h2−6ah+11a2≥3a(3a−h)⟺(h−a)(h−2a)≥0.
Thus 0<h≤a or h=2a. If the zero-length cut F=C is included, h=0 also satisfies the equilibrium condition.