题目
Problem
Let ur=erx(e2x−2ex+1).
(a) Using the method of differences, or otherwise, find r=1∑nur in terms of n and x.
(3)
(b) Deduce the set of non-zero values of x for which the infinite series
u1+u2+u3+…
is convergent and give the sum to infinity when this exists.
(3)
(c) Using a standard result from the list of formulae (MF19), find r=1∑nlnur in terms of n and x.
(3)
题目中文翻译
设 ur=erx(e2x−2ex+1)。
(a) 利用差分法或其他方法,求 r=1∑nur,用 n 和 x 表示。
(3)
(b) 由此推得使无穷级数
u1+u2+u3+…
收敛的非零 x 的取值集合,并在无穷和存在时给出其值。
(3)
(c) 利用公式表(MF19)中的一个标准结果,求 r=1∑nlnur,用 n 和 x 表示。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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每项含有三个相邻指数项,展开前三项与最后三项,看清系数 1,−2,1 怎样使中间项相消。
答题过程
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Expanding a general term,
ur=e(r+2)x−2e(r+1)x+erx.
Consequently,
r=1∑nur==(e3x−2e2x+ex)+(e4x−2e3x+e2x)+(e5x−2e4x+e3x)+⋯+(enx−2e(n−1)x+e(n−2)x)+(e(n+1)x−2enx+e(n−1)x)+(e(n+2)x−2e(n+1)x+enx)ex−e2x−e(n+1)x+e(n+2)x.
Each interior exponential has total coefficient 1−2+1=0. The displayed beginning and end overlap for small n, so each actual summand is counted once; direct substitution gives the same formula for those cases. Equivalently, the sum is ex(ex−1)(enx−1).
解法二
思路
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另把与 r 无关的因子提出求和号,剩下的是等比数列。要单独处理公比等于 1 的情形。
答题过程
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For x=0, ex=1, and
r=1∑nur===(ex−1)2r=1∑n(ex)r(ex−1)2ex−1ex(enx−1)ex(ex−1)(enx−1).
At x=0, every ur=0; the sum is 0, which also agrees with the boxed expression.
(b)
解法一
思路
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从有限和取极限,区分 x<0 与 x>0;题目已排除 x=0。
答题过程
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For x<0, 0<ex<1, so enx→0 as n→∞. Using part (a),
S∞=ex(ex−1)(0−1)=ex−e2x.
For x>0, enx→∞ and the nonzero factor ex(ex−1) is positive, so the partial sums diverge. Thus, among nonzero values of x, convergence occurs precisely for x<0.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先把 ur 写成正指数乘平方,确保对数有定义,再把对数拆成关于 r 的一次式。
答题过程
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For x=0,
ur=erx(ex−1)2>0,
so
lnur=rx+ln((ex−1)2).
Using the standard result
r=1∑nr=2n(n+1),
r=1∑nlnur==xr=1∑nr+nln((ex−1)2)21xn(n+1)+nln((ex−1)2).
Thus
21xn(n+1)+nln((ex−1)2).
At x=0, ur=0 and these logarithms are undefined.