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CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 13 Q4

A Level / CIE / FP1

CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 13 Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

Let ur=erx(e2x−2ex+1)u_r=e^{rx}(e^{2x}-2e^x+1).

(a) Using the method of differences, or otherwise, find ∑r=1nur\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^n u_r in terms of nn and xx.

(3)

(b) Deduce the set of non-zero values of xx for which the infinite series

u1+u2+u3+…u_1+u_2+u_3+\ldots

is convergent and give the sum to infinity when this exists.

(3)

(c) Using a standard result from the list of formulae (MF19), find ∑r=1nln⁡ur\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^n\ln u_r in terms of nn and xx.

(3)
题目中文翻译

设 ur=erx(e2x−2ex+1)u_r=e^{rx}(e^{2x}-2e^x+1)。

(a) 利用差分法或其他方法,求 ∑r=1nur\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^n u_r,用 nn 和 xx 表示。

(3)

(b) 由此推得使无穷级数

u1+u2+u3+…u_1+u_2+u_3+\ldots

收敛的非零 xx 的取值集合,并在无穷和存在时给出其值。

(3)

(c) 利用公式表(MF19)中的一个标准结果,求 ∑r=1nln⁡ur\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^n\ln u_r,用 nn 和 xx 表示。

(3)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

每项含有三个相邻指数项,展开前三项与最后三项,看清系数 1,−2,11,-2,1 怎样使中间项相消。

答题过程

展开

Expanding a general term,

ur=e(r+2)x−2e(r+1)x+erx.u_r=e^{(r+2)x}-2e^{(r+1)x}+e^{rx}.

Consequently,

∑r=1nur= (e3x−2e2x+ex) +(e4x−2e3x+e2x) +(e5x−2e4x+e3x)+⋯ +(enx−2e(n−1)x+e(n−2)x) +(e(n+1)x−2enx+e(n−1)x) +(e(n+2)x−2e(n+1)x+enx)= ex−e2x−e(n+1)x +e(n+2)x.\begin{align*} \sum_{r=1}^n u_r =&\,(e^{3x}-2e^{2x}+e^x)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+(e^{4x}-2e^{3x}+e^{2x})\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+(e^{5x}-2e^{4x}+e^{3x})+\cdots\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{6pt}+(e^{nx}-2e^{(n-1)x}+e^{(n-2)x})\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{8pt}+(e^{(n+1)x}-2e^{nx}+e^{(n-1)x})\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{10pt}+(e^{(n+2)x}-2e^{(n+1)x}+e^{nx})\\[4mm] =&\,e^x-e^{2x}-e^{(n+1)x}\\[4mm] &\,+e^{(n+2)x}. \end{align*}

Each interior exponential has total coefficient 1−2+1=01-2+1=0. The displayed beginning and end overlap for small nn, so each actual summand is counted once; direct substitution gives the same formula for those cases. Equivalently, the sum is ex(ex−1)(enx−1)e^x(e^x-1)(e^{nx}-1).

解法二

思路

展开

另把与 rr 无关的因子提出求和号,剩下的是等比数列。要单独处理公比等于 11 的情形。

答题过程

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For x≠0x\ne0, ex≠1e^x\ne1, and

∑r=1nur= (ex−1)2∑r=1n(ex)r= (ex−1)2ex(enx−1)ex−1= ex(ex−1)(enx−1).\begin{align*} \sum_{r=1}^n u_r =&\,(e^x-1)^2\sum_{r=1}^n(e^x)^r\\[4mm] =&\,(e^x-1)^2\frac{e^x(e^{nx}-1)}{e^x-1}\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{e^x(e^x-1)(e^{nx}-1)}. \end{align*}

At x=0x=0, every ur=0u_r=0; the sum is 00, which also agrees with the boxed expression.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

从有限和取极限,区分 x<0x<0 与 x>0x>0;题目已排除 x=0x=0。

答题过程

展开

For x<0x<0, 0<ex<10<e^x<1, so enx→0e^{nx}\to0 as n→∞n\to\infty. Using part (a),

S∞=ex(ex−1)(0−1)=ex−e2x.S_\infty=e^x(e^x-1)(0-1)=\boxed{e^x-e^{2x}}.

For x>0x>0, enx→∞e^{nx}\to\infty and the nonzero factor ex(ex−1)e^x(e^x-1) is positive, so the partial sums diverge. Thus, among nonzero values of xx, convergence occurs precisely for x<0\boxed{x<0}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先把 uru_r 写成正指数乘平方,确保对数有定义,再把对数拆成关于 rr 的一次式。

答题过程

展开

For x≠0x\ne0,

ur=erx(ex−1)2>0,u_r=e^{rx}(e^x-1)^2>0,

so

ln⁡ur=rx+ln⁡((ex−1)2).\ln u_r=rx+\ln\big((e^x-1)^2\big).

Using the standard result

∑r=1nr=n(n+1)2,\sum_{r=1}^n r=\frac{n(n+1)}2, ∑r=1nln⁡ur= x∑r=1nr+nln⁡((ex−1)2)= 12xn(n+1) +nln⁡((ex−1)2).\begin{align*} \sum_{r=1}^n\ln u_r =&\,x\sum_{r=1}^n r+n\ln\big((e^x-1)^2\big)\\[4mm] =&\,\frac12xn(n+1)\\[4mm] &\,+n\ln\big((e^x-1)^2\big). \end{align*}

Thus

12xn(n+1)+nln⁡((ex−1)2).\boxed{\frac12xn(n+1)+n\ln\big((e^x-1)^2\big)}.

At x=0x=0, ur=0u_r=0 and these logarithms are undefined.