题目
Problem
The curve C C C has equation y = f ( x ) y=\mathrm{f}(x) y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x 2 − x − 2 \mathrm{f}(x)=\dfrac{x^2+2}{x^2-x-2} f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2 x 2 + 2 .
(a) Find the equations of the asymptotes of C C C .
(2)
(b) Find the coordinates of any stationary points on C C C , giving your answers correct to 1 1 1 decimal place.
(4)
(c) Sketch C C C , stating the coordinates of any intersections with the axes.
(3)
(d) Sketch the curve with equation y = 1 f ( x ) y=\dfrac1{\mathrm{f}(x)} y = f ( x ) 1 .
(2)
(e) Find the set of values for which 1 f ( x ) < f ( x ) \dfrac1{\mathrm{f}(x)}<\mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) 1 < f ( x ) .
(4)
题目中文翻译
曲线 C C C 的方程为 y = f ( x ) y=\mathrm{f}(x) y = f ( x ) ,其中 f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x 2 − x − 2 \mathrm{f}(x)=\dfrac{x^2+2}{x^2-x-2} f ( x ) = x 2 − x − 2 x 2 + 2 。
(a) 求 C C C 的渐近线方程。
(2)
(b) 求 C C C 上所有驻点的坐标,答案精确到小数点后一位。
(4)
(c) 画出 C C C 的草图,并写出它与坐标轴的所有交点的坐标。
(3)
(d) 画出方程为 y = 1 f ( x ) y=\dfrac1{\mathrm{f}(x)} y = f ( x ) 1 的曲线的草图。
(2)
(e) 求使 1 f ( x ) < f ( x ) \dfrac1{\mathrm{f}(x)}<\mathrm{f}(x) f ( x ) 1 < f ( x ) 成立的取值集合。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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分母因式分解且分子恒正,给两条竖直渐近线;最高次项系数之比为1。
答题过程
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Since x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) x^2-x-2=(x+1)(x-2) x 2 − x − 2 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) and x 2 + 2 > 0 x^2+2>0 x 2 + 2 > 0 ,
x = − 1 , x = 2 \boxed{x=-1,\qquad x=2} x = − 1 , x = 2
are the vertical asymptotes. The numerator and denominator have the same degree and leading coefficient, so the horizontal asymptote is y = 1 \boxed{y=1} y = 1 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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商法则求导后,分子化成负的二次式。先保留精确横坐标再代回求纵坐标,最后一起保留一位小数。
答题过程
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f ′ ( x ) = 2 x ( x 2 − x − 2 ) − ( x 2 + 2 ) ( 2 x − 1 ) ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 = − x 2 − 8 x + 2 ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 . \begin{align*}
f'(x)=&\,\frac{2x(x^2-x-2)-(x^2+2)(2x-1)}{(x^2-x-2)^2}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{-x^2-8x+2}{(x^2-x-2)^2}.
\end{align*} f ′ ( x ) = = ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 2 x ( x 2 − x − 2 ) − ( x 2 + 2 ) ( 2 x − 1 ) ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 − x 2 − 8 x + 2 .
Thus x 2 + 8 x − 2 = 0 x^2+8x-2=0 x 2 + 8 x − 2 = 0 , giving x = − 4 ± 3 2 x=-4\pm3\sqrt2 x = − 4 ± 3 2 , neither excluded from the domain. Substitution gives
( x 1 , y 1 ) = ( − 4 − 3 2 , 2 2 3 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( − 4 + 3 2 , − 2 2 3 ) . \begin{align*}
(x_1,y_1)=&\,\big(-4-3\sqrt2,\tfrac{2\sqrt2}{3}\big),\\[4mm]
(x_2,y_2)=&\,\big(-4+3\sqrt2,-\tfrac{2\sqrt2}{3}\big).
\end{align*} ( x 1 , y 1 ) = ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( − 4 − 3 2 , 3 2 2 ) , ( − 4 + 3 2 , − 3 2 2 ) .
Therefore, to one decimal place, the stationary points are
( − 8.2 , 0.9 ) and ( 0.2 , − 0.9 ) . \boxed{(-8.2,0.9)\quad\text{and}\quad(0.2,-0.9)}. ( − 8.2 , 0.9 ) and ( 0.2 , − 0.9 ) .
(c)
解法一
思路
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分子恒正,所以没有横轴交点;注意左支会在x=−4穿过水平渐近线,不能画成永远在其上方。
答题过程
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At x = 0 x=0 x = 0 , f ( 0 ) = − 1 f(0)=-1 f ( 0 ) = − 1 , so the only axis intersection is ( 0 , − 1 ) \boxed{(0,-1)} ( 0 , − 1 ) . There are no x x x -intercepts since x 2 + 2 > 0 x^2+2>0 x 2 + 2 > 0 .
Also
f ( x ) − 1 = x + 4 ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) , f(x)-1=\frac{x+4}{(x+1)(x-2)}, f ( x ) − 1 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) x + 4 ,
so the curve crosses y = 1 y=1 y = 1 at ( − 4 , 1 ) \boxed{(-4,1)} ( − 4 , 1 ) .
Sketch three branches with asymptotes x = − 1 x=-1 x = − 1 , x = 2 x=2 x = 2 and y = 1 y=1 y = 1 :
For x < − 1 x<-1 x < − 1 , approach y = 1 y=1 y = 1 from below as x → − ∞ x\to-\infty x → − ∞ , decrease to the shallow minimum ( − 4 − 3 2 , 2 2 / 3 ) (-4-3\sqrt2,2\sqrt2/3) ( − 4 − 3 2 , 2 2 /3 ) , then rise through ( − 4 , 1 ) (-4,1) ( − 4 , 1 ) to + ∞ +\infty + ∞ as x → − 1 − x\to-1^- x → − 1 − .
For − 1 < x < 2 -1<x<2 − 1 < x < 2 , the curve is negative, tends to − ∞ -\infty − ∞ at both ends and has maximum ( − 4 + 3 2 , − 2 2 / 3 ) (-4+3\sqrt2,-2\sqrt2/3) ( − 4 + 3 2 , − 2 2 /3 ) , passing through ( 0 , − 1 ) (0,-1) ( 0 , − 1 ) .
For x > 2 x>2 x > 2 , decrease from + ∞ +\infty + ∞ to y = 1 y=1 y = 1 from above.
(e)
解法一
思路
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共同定义域必须排除−1和2。把不等式移到同一边后因式分解,分子零点和分母零点一同列入符号表,不能直接乘符号不定的分母。
答题过程
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The common domain is x ≠ − 1 , 2 x\ne-1,2 x = − 1 , 2 ; f ( x ) f(x) f ( x ) has no zeros because x 2 + 2 > 0 x^2+2>0 x 2 + 2 > 0 . On this domain,
f ( x ) − 1 f ( x ) = ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 − ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x 2 − x − 2 ) = ( x + 4 ) x ( 2 x − 1 ) ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) . \begin{align*}
&\,f(x)-\frac1{f(x)}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{(x^2+2)^2-(x^2-x-2)^2}{(x^2+2)(x^2-x-2)}\\[4mm]
=&\,\frac{(x+4)x(2x-1)}{(x^2+2)(x+1)(x-2)}.
\end{align*} = = f ( x ) − f ( x ) 1 ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x 2 − x − 2 ) ( x 2 + 2 ) 2 − ( x 2 − x − 2 ) 2 ( x 2 + 2 ) ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 4 ) x ( 2 x − 1 ) .
We require this expression to be positive. Since x 2 + 2 > 0 x^2+2>0 x 2 + 2 > 0 , consider the sign of
( x + 4 ) x ( 2 x − 1 ) ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) . \frac{(x+4)x(2x-1)}{(x+1)(x-2)}. ( x + 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( x + 4 ) x ( 2 x − 1 ) .
The critical values in order are − 4 , − 1 , 0 , 1 / 2 , 2 -4,-1,0,1/2,2 − 4 , − 1 , 0 , 1/2 , 2 .
Interval Sign ( − ∞ , − 4 ) (-\infty,-4) ( − ∞ , − 4 ) − - − ( − 4 , − 1 ) (-4,-1) ( − 4 , − 1 ) + + + ( − 1 , 0 ) (-1,0) ( − 1 , 0 ) − - − ( 0 , 1 / 2 ) (0,1/2) ( 0 , 1/2 ) + + + ( 1 / 2 , 2 ) (1/2,2) ( 1/2 , 2 ) − - − ( 2 , ∞ ) (2,\infty) ( 2 , ∞ ) + + +
The zeros are excluded by the strict inequality, and − 1 , 2 -1,2 − 1 , 2 are outside the domain. Hence
− 4 < x < − 1 or 0 < x < 1 2 or x > 2 . \begin{align*}
&\,\boxed{-4<x<-1}\\[4mm]
\text{or}\quad&\,\boxed{0<x<\frac12}\\[4mm]
\text{or}\quad&\,\boxed{x>2}.
\end{align*} or or − 4 < x < − 1 0 < x < 2 1 x > 2 .