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CIE 9231 2024 November Paper 12 Q5

A Level / CIE / FP1

CIE 9231 2024 Nov Paper 12 Paper · Question 5

题目

Problem

It is given that Sn=∑r=1nur\displaystyle S_n=\sum_{r=1}^{n}u_r, where ur=xf(r)−xf(r+1)u_r=x^{\mathrm{f}(r)}-x^{\mathrm{f}(r+1)} and x>0x>0.

(a) Find SnS_n in terms of nn, xx and the function f\mathrm{f}.

(2)

(b) Given that f(r)=ln⁡r\mathrm{f}(r)=\ln r, find the set of values of xx for which the infinite series

u1+u2+u3+…u_1+u_2+u_3+\ldots

is convergent and give the sum to infinity when this exists.

(3)

(c) Given instead that f(r)=2log⁡xr\mathrm{f}(r)=2\log_x r where x≠1x\neq1, use standard results from the List of formulae (MF19) to find ∑n=1NSn\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{N}S_n in terms of NN. Fully factorise your answer.

(4)
题目中文翻译

已知 Sn=∑r=1nur\displaystyle S_n=\sum_{r=1}^{n}u_r,其中 ur=xf(r)−xf(r+1)u_r=x^{\mathrm{f}(r)}-x^{\mathrm{f}(r+1)},且 x>0x>0。

(a) 求 SnS_n,以 nn、xx 和函数 f\mathrm{f} 表示。

(2)

(b) 已知 f(r)=ln⁡r\mathrm{f}(r)=\ln r,求使无穷级数

u1+u2+u3+…u_1+u_2+u_3+\ldots

收敛的 xx 的取值集合,并在无穷和存在时给出该无穷和。

(3)

(c) 现在改为已知 f(r)=2log⁡xr\mathrm{f}(r)=2\log_x r,其中 x≠1x\neq1。利用公式表(MF19)中的标准结果,求 ∑n=1NSn\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{N}S_n,以 NN 表示,并将答案完全因式分解。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

展开相邻差的前三项与末三项,首尾以外全部抵消。

答题过程

展开 Sn= (xf(1)−xf(2)) +(xf(2)−xf(3)) +(xf(3)−xf(4))+⋯ +(xf(n−2)−xf(n−1)) +(xf(n−1)−xf(n)) +(xf(n)−xf(n+1))= xf(1)−xf(n+1).\begin{align*} S_n=&\,\big(x^{\mathrm f(1)}-x^{\mathrm f(2)}\big)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+\big(x^{\mathrm f(2)}-x^{\mathrm f(3)}\big)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+\big(x^{\mathrm f(3)}-x^{\mathrm f(4)}\big)+\cdots\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{4pt}+\big(x^{\mathrm f(n-2)}-x^{\mathrm f(n-1)}\big)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{6pt}+\big(x^{\mathrm f(n-1)}-x^{\mathrm f(n)}\big)\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{8pt}+\big(x^{\mathrm f(n)}-x^{\mathrm f(n+1)}\big)\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{x^{\mathrm f(1)}-x^{\mathrm f(n+1)}}. \end{align*}

The displayed pattern is for sufficiently large nn; the same cancellation formula holds directly for smaller positive nn.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

把幂改写成以e为底,收敛取决于ln x的正负。x=1时每一项为零,必须另列其和。

答题过程

展开

Here f(1)=0\mathrm f(1)=0, so (a) gives

Sn=1−xln⁡(n+1)=1−(n+1)ln⁡x.S_n=1-x^{\ln(n+1)} =1-(n+1)^{\ln x}.

For 0<x<10<x<1, ln⁡x<0\ln x<0 and (n+1)ln⁡x→0(n+1)^{\ln x}\to0, so the sum to infinity is 11.

For x=1x=1, every term ur=0u_r=0, and the sum is 00.

For x>1x>1, ln⁡x>0\ln x>0 and (n+1)ln⁡x→∞(n+1)^{\ln x}\to\infty, so the partial sums have no finite limit.

Thus the convergence set is 0<x⩽1\boxed{0<x\leqslant1}, with

S∞={1,0<x<1,0,x=1.\boxed{S_\infty=\begin{cases} 1,&0<x<1,\\ 0,&x=1. \end{cases}}

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

利用以x为底的对数与指数互逆,把每项幂化为整数平方,再调用平方和与自然数和公式。

答题过程

展开

Since x>0x>0 and x≠1x\ne1,

xf(r)=x2log⁡xr=r2.x^{\mathrm f(r)}=x^{2\log_x r}=r^2.

Thus (a) gives Sn=1−(n+1)2=−n2−2nS_n=1-(n+1)^2=-n^2-2n. Using the standard sum formulae,

∑n=1NSn= −∑n=1Nn2−2∑n=1Nn= −N(N+1)(2N+1)6−N(N+1)= −16N(N+1)(2N+7).\begin{align*} \sum_{n=1}^N S_n =&\,-\sum_{n=1}^N n^2-2\sum_{n=1}^N n\\[4mm] =&\,-\frac{N(N+1)(2N+1)}6-N(N+1)\\[4mm] =&\,\boxed{-\frac16N(N+1)(2N+7)}. \end{align*}