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CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 22 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 22 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

Use the substitution y=vxy=vx to find the solution of the differential equation

xdydx=y+9x2+y2x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=y+\sqrt{9x^2+y^2}

for which y=0y=0 when x=1x=1. Give your answer in the form y=f(x)y=\mathrm{f}(x), where f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) is a polynomial in xx.

(10)
题目中文翻译

用代换 y=vxy=vx 求微分方程

xdydx=y+9x2+y2x\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}=y+\sqrt{9x^2+y^2}

满足当 x=1x=1 时 y=0y=0 的解。将答案写成 y=f(x)y=\mathrm{f}(x) 的形式,其中 f(x)\mathrm{f}(x) 是关于 xx 的多项式。

(10)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

解法一

思路

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令 y=vxy=vx。在含初值的 x>0x>0 区间,根式中可提出正的 xx,方程变成可分离变量的形式。积分后可写成对数式并平方消去根号,也可用双曲正弦的指数形式化成多项式。

答题过程

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With y=vxy=vx, we have y′=v+xv′y'=v+xv'. On x>0x>0, substitution into the equation gives

x(v+xv′)= xv+x9+v2,xv′= 9+v2.\begin{align*} x(v+xv')=&\,xv+x\sqrt{9+v^2},\\ xv'=&\,\sqrt{9+v^2}. \end{align*}

Separating variables and integrating gives

∫19+v2 dv= ∫1x dx,arsinh⁡(v/3)= ln⁡x+C.\begin{align*} \int\frac{1}{\sqrt{9+v^2}}\,\mathrm{d}v =&\,\int\frac1x\,\mathrm{d}x,\\ \operatorname{arsinh}(v/3)=&\,\ln x+C. \end{align*}

At x=1x=1, v=0v=0, so C=0C=0. Using the logarithmic form of arsinh⁡\operatorname{arsinh} gives

ln⁡(v3+1+v29)=ln⁡x.\ln\bigg(\frac v3+\sqrt{1+\frac{v^2}{9}}\bigg)=\ln x.

Exponentiating and using v=y/xv=y/x, with x>0x>0, gives y+9x2+y2=3x2y+\sqrt{9x^2+y^2}=3x^2. Hence 9x2+y2=3x2−y\sqrt{9x^2+y^2}=3x^2-y. Squaring gives

9x2+y2= 9x4−6x2y+y2,6x2y= 9x4−9x2,y= 32(x2−1).\begin{align*} 9x^2+y^2=&\,9x^4-6x^2y+y^2,\\ 6x^2y=&\,9x^4-9x^2,\\ y=&\,\frac32(x^2-1). \end{align*}

Alternatively, the same integrated relation gives

v= 3sinh⁡(ln⁡x)= 32(eln⁡x−e−ln⁡x)= 32(x−1x),y= xv=32(x2−1).\begin{align*} v=&\,3\sinh(\ln x)\\ =&\,\frac32(e^{\ln x}-e^{-\ln x})\\ =&\,\frac32\bigg(x-\frac1x\bigg),\\ y=&\,xv=\boxed{\frac32(x^2-1)}. \end{align*}

For this polynomial, 9x2+y2=32(x2+1)\sqrt{9x^2+y^2}=\frac32(x^2+1), so it satisfies the original equation and the stated initial condition.