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CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 23 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=ln⁡(1+x)y=\ln(1+x) for 0≤x≤10\le x\le1, together with a set of nn rectangles each of width 1n\dfrac{1}{n}.

(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that ∫01ln⁡(1+x) dx<Un\displaystyle\int_0^1\ln(1+x)\,\mathrm{d}x<U_n, where

Un=1nln⁡(2n)!n!−ln⁡n.U_n=\frac{1}{n}\ln\frac{(2n)!}{n!}-\ln n.
(4)

(b) Use a similar method to find, in terms of nn, a lower bound LnL_n for ∫01ln⁡(1+x) dx\displaystyle\int_0^1\ln(1+x)\,\mathrm{d}x.

(4)

(c) By simplifying Un−LnU_n-L_n, show that lim⁡n→∞(Un−Ln)=0\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}(U_n-L_n)=0.

(2)
题目中文翻译

图中显示了方程为 y=ln⁡(1+x)y=\ln(1+x) 的曲线(0≤x≤10\le x\le1),以及一组 nn 个矩形,每个矩形的宽均为 1n\dfrac{1}{n}。

(a) 通过考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明 ∫01ln⁡(1+x) dx<Un\displaystyle\int_0^1\ln(1+x)\,\mathrm{d}x<U_n,其中

Un=1nln⁡(2n)!n!−ln⁡n.U_n=\frac{1}{n}\ln\frac{(2n)!}{n!}-\ln n.
(4)

(b) 用类似的方法求 ∫01ln⁡(1+x) dx\displaystyle\int_0^1\ln(1+x)\,\mathrm{d}x 的一个下界 LnL_n,用含 nn 的式子表示。

(4)

(c) 通过化简 Un−LnU_n-L_n,证明 lim⁡n→∞(Un−Ln)=0\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}(U_n-L_n)=0。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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对数函数递增,题图的右端点矩形给出上界。将对数和合并为乘积的对数,连续整数的乘积用阶乘表示。

答题过程

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Let f(x)=ln⁡(1+x)f(x)=\ln(1+x). It is strictly increasing. The right-endpoint heights are f(1/n),f(2/n),f(3/n),…,f((n−1)/n),f(1)f(1/n),f(2/n),f(3/n),\ldots,f((n-1)/n),f(1), so the rectangles give

∫01f(x) dx< 1n∑r=1nln⁡(1+r/n)= 1nln⁡(∏r=1nn+rn)= 1nln⁡(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)⋯(2n−1)(2n)nn= 1nln⁡(2n)!n!−ln⁡n=Un.\begin{align*} \int_0^1 f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x <&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=1}^n\ln(1+r/n)\\ =&\,\frac1n\ln\bigg(\prod_{r=1}^n\frac{n+r}{n}\bigg)\\ =&\,\frac1n\ln\frac{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)\cdots(2n-1)(2n)}{n^n}\\ =&\,\frac1n\ln\frac{(2n)!}{n!}-\ln n=U_n. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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改用左端点,连乘的分子从 nn 开始,到 2n−12n-1 结束。

答题过程

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The left-endpoint rectangles give a strict lower bound. The heights are f(0),f(1/n),f(2/n),…,f((n−2)/n),f((n−1)/n)f(0),f(1/n),f(2/n),\ldots,f((n-2)/n),f((n-1)/n). Their area sum is

Ln= 1n∑r=0n−1ln⁡(1+r/n)= 1nln⁡(∏r=0n−1n+rn)= 1nln⁡n(n+1)(n+2)⋯(2n−2)(2n−1)nn= 1nln⁡(2n−1)!(n−1)!−ln⁡n.\begin{align*} L_n=&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=0}^{n-1}\ln(1+r/n)\\ =&\,\frac1n\ln\bigg(\prod_{r=0}^{n-1}\frac{n+r}{n}\bigg)\\ =&\,\frac1n\ln\frac{n(n+1)(n+2)\cdots(2n-2)(2n-1)}{n^n}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac1n\ln\frac{(2n-1)!}{(n-1)!}-\ln n}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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比较两个面积和。内部端点相同,只有 x=0x=0 和 x=1x=1 的高度相减。

答题过程

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The common interior terms cancel. Writing out the difference gives

n(Un−Ln)= [f(1/n)+f(2/n)+f(3/n)+⋯ +f((n−1)/n)+f(1)] −[f(0)+f(1/n)+f(2/n)+⋯ +f((n−2)/n)+f((n−1)/n)]= f(1)−f(0).\begin{align*} n(U_n-L_n)=&\,\big[f(1/n)+f(2/n)+f(3/n)+\cdots\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+f((n-1)/n)+f(1)\big]\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}-\big[f(0)+f(1/n)+f(2/n)+\cdots\\ &\,\hspace{6pt}+f((n-2)/n)+f((n-1)/n)\big]\\ =&\,f(1)-f(0). \end{align*}

Thus

Un−Ln=ln⁡2−ln⁡1n=ln⁡2n⟶0.U_n-L_n=\frac{\ln2-\ln1}{n}=\frac{\ln2}{n}\longrightarrow0.