题目
Problem
The diagram shows the curve with equation y=ln(1+x) for 0≤x≤1, together with a set of n rectangles each of width n1.
(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that ∫01ln(1+x)dx<Un, where
Un=n1lnn!(2n)!−lnn.
(4)
(b) Use a similar method to find, in terms of n, a lower bound Ln for ∫01ln(1+x)dx.
(4)
(c) By simplifying Un−Ln, show that n→∞lim(Un−Ln)=0.
(2)
题目中文翻译
图中显示了方程为 y=ln(1+x) 的曲线(0≤x≤1),以及一组 n 个矩形,每个矩形的宽均为 n1。
(a) 通过考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明 ∫01ln(1+x)dx<Un,其中
Un=n1lnn!(2n)!−lnn.
(4)
(b) 用类似的方法求 ∫01ln(1+x)dx 的一个下界 Ln,用含 n 的式子表示。
(4)
(c) 通过化简 Un−Ln,证明 n→∞lim(Un−Ln)=0。
(2)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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对数函数递增,题图的右端点矩形给出上界。将对数和合并为乘积的对数,连续整数的乘积用阶乘表示。
答题过程
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Let f(x)=ln(1+x). It is strictly increasing. The right-endpoint heights are f(1/n),f(2/n),f(3/n),…,f((n−1)/n),f(1), so the rectangles give
∫01f(x)dx<===n1r=1∑nln(1+r/n)n1ln(r=1∏nnn+r)n1lnnn(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)⋯(2n−1)(2n)n1lnn!(2n)!−lnn=Un.
(b)
解法一
思路
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改用左端点,连乘的分子从 n 开始,到 2n−1 结束。
答题过程
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The left-endpoint rectangles give a strict lower bound. The heights are f(0),f(1/n),f(2/n),…,f((n−2)/n),f((n−1)/n). Their area sum is
Ln====n1r=0∑n−1ln(1+r/n)n1ln(r=0∏n−1nn+r)n1lnnnn(n+1)(n+2)⋯(2n−2)(2n−1)n1ln(n−1)!(2n−1)!−lnn.
(c)
解法一
思路
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比较两个面积和。内部端点相同,只有 x=0 和 x=1 的高度相减。
答题过程
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The common interior terms cancel. Writing out the difference gives
n(Un−Ln)==[f(1/n)+f(2/n)+f(3/n)+⋯+f((n−1)/n)+f(1)]−[f(0)+f(1/n)+f(2/n)+⋯+f((n−2)/n)+f((n−1)/n)]f(1)−f(0).
Thus
Un−Ln=nln2−ln1=nln2⟶0.