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CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 23 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2022 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) Find ∫sin⁡θcos⁡nθ dθ\displaystyle\int\sin\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta, where n≠−1n\ne-1.

(2)

Let Im,n=∫012πsin⁡mθcos⁡nθ dθ\displaystyle I_{m,n}=\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}\pi}\sin^m\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta.

(b) Show that, for m≥2m\ge2 and n≥0n\ge0,

Im,n=m−1m+nIm−2,n.I_{m,n}=\frac{m-1}{m+n}I_{m-2,n}.
(5)

(c) By considering the binomial expansion of (z+1z)5\big(z+\frac{1}{z}\big)^5, where z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta, use de Moivre’s theorem to show that

cos⁡5θ=acos⁡5θ+bcos⁡3θ+ccos⁡θ,\cos^5\theta=a\cos5\theta+b\cos3\theta+c\cos\theta,

where aa, bb and cc are constants to be determined.

(5)

(d) Using the results given in parts (b) and (c), find the exact value of I2,5I_{2,5}.

(4)
题目中文翻译

(a) 求 ∫sin⁡θcos⁡nθ dθ\displaystyle\int\sin\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta,其中 n≠−1n\ne-1。

(2)

设 Im,n=∫012πsin⁡mθcos⁡nθ dθ\displaystyle I_{m,n}=\int_0^{\frac{1}{2}\pi}\sin^m\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta。

(b) 证明当 m≥2m\ge2 且 n≥0n\ge0 时,

Im,n=m−1m+nIm−2,n.I_{m,n}=\frac{m-1}{m+n}I_{m-2,n}.
(5)

(c) 通过考虑 (z+1z)5\big(z+\frac{1}{z}\big)^5 的二项展开式,其中 z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta,用棣莫弗定理证明

cos⁡5θ=acos⁡5θ+bcos⁡3θ+ccos⁡θ,\cos^5\theta=a\cos5\theta+b\cos3\theta+c\cos\theta,

其中 aa、bb 和 cc 是待求的常数。

(5)

(d) 利用 (b) 和 (c) 中给出的结果,求 I2,5I_{2,5} 的精确值。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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令 u=cos⁡θu=\cos\theta,则 sin⁡θ dθ=−du\sin\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta=-\mathrm{d}u。剩下的是普通幂函数积分。

答题过程

展开

Taking u=cos⁡θu=\cos\theta gives

∫sin⁡θcos⁡nθ dθ=−∫un du=−cos⁡n+1θn+1+C,n≠−1.\int\sin\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta =-\int u^n\,\mathrm{d}u =\boxed{-\frac{\cos^{n+1}\theta}{n+1}+C},\qquad n\ne-1.

(b)

解法一

思路

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将 sin⁡mθ\sin^m\theta 拆成 sin⁡m−1θ\sin^{m-1}\theta 和一个 sin⁡θ\sin\theta,用 (a) 分部积分。边界项消失后,再用 cos⁡2θ=1−sin⁡2θ\cos^2\theta=1-\sin^2\theta。

答题过程

展开

Using (a), take u=sin⁡m−1θu=\sin^{m-1}\theta and dv=sin⁡θcos⁡nθ dθ\mathrm{d}v=\sin\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta. Then du=(m−1)sin⁡m−2θcos⁡θ dθ\mathrm{d}u=(m-1)\sin^{m-2}\theta\cos\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta and v=−cos⁡n+1θ/(n+1)v=-\cos^{n+1}\theta/(n+1). Integration by parts gives

Im,n= [−sin⁡m−1θcos⁡n+1θn+1]0π/2 +m−1n+1∫0π/2sin⁡m−2θcos⁡n+2θ dθ.\begin{align*} I_{m,n}=&\,\bigg[-\frac{\sin^{m-1}\theta\cos^{n+1}\theta}{n+1}\bigg]_0^{\pi/2}\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{m-1}{n+1}\int_0^{\pi/2}\sin^{m-2}\theta\cos^{n+2}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta. \end{align*}

The boundary term vanishes because m−1>0m-1>0 and n+1>0n+1>0. Now cos⁡n+2θ=cos⁡nθ(1−sin⁡2θ)\cos^{n+2}\theta=\cos^n\theta(1-\sin^2\theta), so

Im,n=m−1n+1(Im−2,n−Im,n).I_{m,n}=\frac{m-1}{n+1}(I_{m-2,n}-I_{m,n}).

Multiplying by n+1n+1 and collecting Im,nI_{m,n} gives (n+1+m−1)Im,n=(m−1)Im−2,n(n+1+m-1)I_{m,n}=(m-1)I_{m-2,n}. Therefore Im,n=m−1m+nIm−2,nI_{m,n}=\frac{m-1}{m+n}I_{m-2,n}.

解法二

思路

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也可先用 sin⁡2θ=1−cos⁡2θ\sin^2\theta=1-\cos^2\theta 将 Im,nI_{m,n} 分成两个积分。然后对含 cos⁡n+2θ\cos^{n+2}\theta 的积分做分部积分。

答题过程

展开

First write

Im,n= Im−2,n−J,J= ∫0π/2sin⁡m−2θcos⁡n+2θ dθ.\begin{align*} I_{m,n}=&\,I_{m-2,n}-J,\\ J=&\,\int_0^{\pi/2}\sin^{m-2}\theta\cos^{n+2}\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta. \end{align*}

In JJ, integrate sin⁡m−2θcos⁡θ\sin^{m-2}\theta\cos\theta and differentiate cos⁡n+1θ\cos^{n+1}\theta. Take u=cos⁡n+1θu=\cos^{n+1}\theta and v=sin⁡m−1θ/(m−1)v=\sin^{m-1}\theta/(m-1). The boundary term [sin⁡m−1θcos⁡n+1θ/(m−1)]0π/2[\sin^{m-1}\theta\cos^{n+1}\theta/(m-1)]_0^{\pi/2} is zero because both exponents are positive, leaving

J=n+1m−1∫0π/2sin⁡mθcos⁡nθ dθ=n+1m−1Im,n.J=\frac{n+1}{m-1}\int_0^{\pi/2}\sin^m\theta\cos^n\theta\,\mathrm{d}\theta =\frac{n+1}{m-1}I_{m,n}.

Substituting gives [1+(n+1)/(m−1)]Im,n=Im−2,n[1+(n+1)/(m-1)]I_{m,n}=I_{m-2,n}, hence Im,n=m−1m+nIm−2,nI_{m,n}=\frac{m-1}{m+n}I_{m-2,n}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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由 z+z−1=2cos⁡θz+z^{-1}=2\cos\theta 展开五次方。把指数相反的项配对,再用 de Moivre 定理写成余弦。

答题过程

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Since ∣z∣=1|z|=1, we have z−1=cos⁡θ−isin⁡θz^{-1}=\cos\theta-\mathrm{i}\sin\theta and z+z−1=2cos⁡θz+z^{-1}=2\cos\theta. The full binomial expansion is

(z+z−1)5= z5+5z3+10z +10z−1+5z−3+z−5.\begin{align*} (z+z^{-1})^5=&\,z^5+5z^3+10z\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+10z^{-1}+5z^{-3}+z^{-5}. \end{align*}

Pairing opposite powers gives

32cos⁡5θ=(z5+z−5)+5(z3+z−3)+10(z+z−1).32\cos^5\theta=(z^5+z^{-5})+5(z^3+z^{-3})+10(z+z^{-1}).

By de Moivre’s theorem zk+z−k=2cos⁡(kθ)z^k+z^{-k}=2\cos(k\theta). Thus

cos⁡5θ=116cos⁡5θ+516cos⁡3θ+58cos⁡θ,\cos^5\theta=\frac1{16}\cos5\theta+\frac5{16}\cos3\theta+\frac58\cos\theta,

so (a,b,c)=(1/16,5/16,5/8)(a,b,c)=(1/16,5/16,5/8).

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

先用 (b) 将 I2,5I_{2,5} 化成 I0,5I_{0,5} 的七分之一。再将 (c) 中的三项逐项积分。

答题过程

展开

By (b), I2,5=17I0,5I_{2,5}=\frac17 I_{0,5}. Applying (c), then using sin⁡(5π/2)=1\sin(5\pi/2)=1, sin⁡(3π/2)=−1\sin(3\pi/2)=-1 and sin⁡(π/2)=1\sin(\pi/2)=1, gives

I0,5= 116[sin⁡5θ5+5sin⁡3θ3+10sin⁡θ]0π/2= 116(15−53+10)=815.\begin{align*} I_{0,5} =&\,\frac1{16}\bigg[\frac{\sin5\theta}{5}+\frac{5\sin3\theta}{3} +10\sin\theta\bigg]_0^{\pi/2}\\ =&\,\frac1{16}\bigg(\frac15-\frac53+10\bigg)=\frac8{15}. \end{align*}

Hence I2,5=8105\boxed{I_{2,5}=\frac8{105}}.