Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
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Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Let f(x)=arcoshx=ln(x+x2−1). It is strictly increasing for x≥1. The right-endpoint rectangles of width one on [1,N] have total area f(2)+f(3)+f(4)+⋯+f(N−1)+f(N). Hence
r=2∑Nf(r)>∫1Nf(x)dx.
For integration by parts, take u=f(x) and dv=dx. Then du=dx/x2−1 and v=x. Using (a),
∫f(x)dx==xf(x)−∫x2−1xdxxf(x)−x2−1+C.
Thus an antiderivative is xf(x)−x2−1 for x>1. It tends to zero as x→1+, so
∫1Nf(x)dx=Nln(N+N2−1)−N2−1.
Substitution into the comparison proves the stated inequality.
(c)
解法一
思路
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在同一区间改用左端点。由于 f(1)=0,左端点和与所求的和只差最后一个 f(N)。
答题过程
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On [1,N] the left-endpoint rectangle sum is f(1)+f(2)+f(3)+⋯+f(N−2)+f(N−1). It satisfies
r=1∑N−1f(r)<∫1Nf(x)dx.
Adding f(N) and using f(1)=0 gives the upper bound
(N+1)ln(N+N2−1)−N2−1.
For N>2, comparing f(2)+⋯+f(N−1) with ∫2Nf(x)dx also gives the slightly smaller upper bound
(N+1)ln(N+N2−1)−N2−1−2ln(2+3)+3.
解法二
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也可把第 r 项作为区间 [r,r+1] 的左端点矩形。这样恰好覆盖所求的全部项,比较的积分改为从 2 到 N+1。
答题过程
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For r=2,…,N, f(r)<∫rr+1f(x)dx because f is strictly increasing. Thus the sum is less than ∫2N+1f(x)dx. Using the antiderivative from (b), this upper bound is