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CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Q3

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 3

题目

Problem

By considering the binomial expansions of (z+1z)4\bigg(z+\frac{1}{z}\bigg)^4 and (z−1z)4\bigg(z-\frac{1}{z}\bigg)^4, where z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta, use de Moivre’s theorem to show that

cot⁡4θ=cos⁡4θ+acos⁡2θ+bcos⁡4θ−acos⁡2θ+b,\cot^4\theta=\frac{\cos4\theta+a\cos2\theta+b}{\cos4\theta-a\cos2\theta+b},

where aa and bb are integers to be determined.

(7)
题目中文翻译

通过考虑 (z+1z)4\bigg(z+\frac{1}{z}\bigg)^4 和 (z−1z)4\bigg(z-\frac{1}{z}\bigg)^4 的二项展开式,其中 z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta,用棣莫弗定理证明

cot⁡4θ=cos⁡4θ+acos⁡2θ+bcos⁡4θ−acos⁡2θ+b,\cot^4\theta=\frac{\cos4\theta+a\cos2\theta+b}{\cos4\theta-a\cos2\theta+b},

其中 aa 和 bb 是待求的整数。

(7)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

解法一

思路

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z+z−1=2cos⁡θz+z^{-1}=2\cos\theta,而 z−z−1=2isin⁡θz-z^{-1}=2\mathrm{i}\sin\theta。将两者的四次方分别展开,配对正负指数,再取比值。

答题过程

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Since ∣z∣=1|z|=1, z−1=cos⁡θ−isin⁡θz^{-1}=\cos\theta-\mathrm{i}\sin\theta. Hence z+z−1=2cos⁡θz+z^{-1}=2\cos\theta and z−z−1=2isin⁡θz-z^{-1}=2\mathrm{i}\sin\theta. The two binomial expansions are

(z+z−1)4= (z4+z−4)+4(z2+z−2)+6,(z−z−1)4= (z4+z−4)−4(z2+z−2)+6.\begin{align*} (z+z^{-1})^4=&\,(z^4+z^{-4})+4(z^2+z^{-2})+6,\\ (z-z^{-1})^4=&\,(z^4+z^{-4})-4(z^2+z^{-2})+6. \end{align*}

By de Moivre’s theorem zk+z−k=2cos⁡(kθ)z^k+z^{-k}=2\cos(k\theta). The left-hand sides are 16cos⁡4θ16\cos^4\theta and 16sin⁡4θ16\sin^4\theta respectively, since i4=1\mathrm{i}^4=1. Thus

16cos⁡4θ= 2cos⁡4θ+8cos⁡2θ+6,16sin⁡4θ= 2cos⁡4θ−8cos⁡2θ+6.\begin{align*} 16\cos^4\theta=&\,2\cos4\theta+8\cos2\theta+6,\\ 16\sin^4\theta=&\,2\cos4\theta-8\cos2\theta+6. \end{align*}

Taking the ratio, when sin⁡θ≠0\sin\theta\ne0,

cot⁡4θ=cos⁡4θ+4cos⁡2θ+3cos⁡4θ−4cos⁡2θ+3.\cot^4\theta=\frac{\cos4\theta+4\cos2\theta+3}{\cos4\theta-4\cos2\theta+3}.

Thus a=4a=4 and b=3b=3.