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CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=(1−x)2y=(1-x)^2 for 0≤x≤10\le x\le 1, together with a set of nn rectangles of width 1n\dfrac{1}{n}.

(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that ∫01(1−x)2 dx<Un\displaystyle\int_0^1(1-x)^2\,\mathrm{d}x<U_n, where

Un=2n2+3n+16n2.U_n=\frac{2n^2+3n+1}{6n^2}.
(5)

(b) Use a similar method to find, in terms of nn, a lower bound LnL_n for ∫01(1−x)2 dx\displaystyle\int_0^1(1-x)^2\,\mathrm{d}x.

(4)

(c) Show that lim⁡n→∞(Un−Ln)=0\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}(U_n-L_n)=0.

(2)
题目中文翻译

图中显示了 0≤x≤10\le x\le 1 时方程为 y=(1−x)2y=(1-x)^2 的曲线,以及一组由 nn 个宽为 1n\dfrac{1}{n} 的矩形组成的图形。

(a) 通过考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明 ∫01(1−x)2 dx<Un\displaystyle\int_0^1(1-x)^2\,\mathrm{d}x<U_n,其中

Un=2n2+3n+16n2.U_n=\frac{2n^2+3n+1}{6n^2}.
(5)

(b) 用类似的方法求 ∫01(1−x)2 dx\displaystyle\int_0^1(1-x)^2\,\mathrm{d}x 的一个下界 LnL_n,用 nn 表示。

(4)

(c) 证明 lim⁡n→∞(Un−Ln)=0\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}(U_n-L_n)=0。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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曲线递减,题图的左端点矩形给出上界。把各矩形高度写成平方,从 n2n^2 到 121^2 反向排列后即可用平方和公式。

答题过程

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The function f(x)=(1−x)2f(x)=(1-x)^2 is strictly decreasing on [0,1][0,1], so the left-endpoint rectangle sum is a strict upper bound. Its heights are 1,(1−1/n)2,(1−2/n)2,…,(2/n)2,(1/n)21,(1-1/n)^2,(1-2/n)^2,\ldots,(2/n)^2,(1/n)^2, each with width 1/n1/n. Using ∑j=1nj2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6\sum_{j=1}^n j^2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6, we obtain

Un= 1n∑r=0n−1(1−rn)2= 1n3∑j=1nj2= (n+1)(2n+1)6n2= 2n2+3n+16n2.\begin{align*} U_n=&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=0}^{n-1}\bigg(1-\frac rn\bigg)^2\\ =&\,\frac1{n^3}\sum_{j=1}^n j^2\\ =&\,\frac{(n+1)(2n+1)}{6n^2}\\ =&\,\frac{2n^2+3n+1}{6n^2}. \end{align*}

Thus ∫01(1−x)2 dx<Un\int_0^1(1-x)^2\,\mathrm{d}x<U_n.

(b)

解法一

思路

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换用右端点,平方和改为从 020^2 加到 (n−1)2(n-1)^2。递减性保证这一组矩形位于曲线下方。

答题过程

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The right-endpoint heights are (1−1/n)2,(1−2/n)2,(1−3/n)2,…,(1/n)2,0(1-1/n)^2,(1-2/n)^2,(1-3/n)^2,\ldots,(1/n)^2,0. They give the lower bound

Ln= 1n∑r=1n(1−rn)2= 1n3∑j=0n−1j2= (n−1)n(2n−1)6n3= 2n2−3n+16n2.\begin{align*} L_n=&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=1}^{n}\bigg(1-\frac rn\bigg)^2\\ =&\,\frac1{n^3}\sum_{j=0}^{n-1}j^2\\ =&\,\frac{(n-1)n(2n-1)}{6n^3}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac{2n^2-3n+1}{6n^2}}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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分母相同,分子只剩一次项之差。

答题过程

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We have

Un−Ln= (2n2+3n+1)−(2n2−3n+1)6n2= 6n6n2=1n⟶0(n→∞).\begin{align*} U_n-L_n=&\,\frac{(2n^2+3n+1)-(2n^2-3n+1)}{6n^2}\\ =&\,\frac{6n}{6n^2}=\frac1n\longrightarrow0\qquad(n\to\infty). \end{align*}