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CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2023 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The matrix A\mathbf{A} is given by

A=(a−6a2a+201−a002−a−1)\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}a&-6a&2a+2\\0&1-a&0\\0&2-a&-1\end{pmatrix}

where aa is a constant with a≠0a\ne0 and a≠1a\ne1.

(a) Show that the equation A(xyz)=(123)\mathbf{A}\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix} has a unique solution and interpret this situation geometrically.

(3)

(b) Show that the eigenvalues of A\mathbf{A} are aa, 1−a1-a and −1-1.

(2)

(c) Find a matrix P\mathbf{P} and a diagonal matrix D\mathbf{D} such that A4=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^4=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}.

(6)

(d) Use the characteristic equation of A\mathbf{A} to find A4\mathbf{A}^4 in terms of A\mathbf{A} and aa.

(3)
题目中文翻译

矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 为

A=(a−6a2a+201−a002−a−1),\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}a&-6a&2a+2\\0&1-a&0\\0&2-a&-1\end{pmatrix},

其中 aa 是常数,且 a≠0a\ne0、a≠1a\ne1。

(a) 证明方程 A(xyz)=(123)\mathbf{A}\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}1\\2\\3\end{pmatrix} 有唯一解,并从几何角度解释这种情况。

(3)

(b) 证明 A\mathbf{A} 的特征值为 aa、1−a1-a 和 −1-1。

(2)

(c) 求矩阵 P\mathbf{P} 和对角矩阵 D\mathbf{D},使得 A4=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^4=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}。

(6)

(d) 用 A\mathbf{A} 的特征方程求 A4\mathbf{A}^4,用 A\mathbf{A} 和 aa 表示。

(3)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

第一列只有一个非零元素,沿这一列展开行列式。行列式非零说明三个平面恰有一个公共点。

答题过程

展开

Expanding along the first column gives det⁡A=−a(1−a)\det\mathbf A=-a(1-a). This is non-zero since a≠0,1a\ne0,1, so the matrix equation has a unique solution. Geometrically the three planes meet at exactly one point.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

在 λI−A\lambda\mathbf I-\mathbf A 中仍可沿第一列展开,再沿剩下二阶行列式的第一行展开。

答题过程

展开

The characteristic equation is

det⁡(λI−A)= det⁡(λ−a6a−2a−20λ−1+a00a−2λ+1)= (λ−a)(λ−1+a)(λ+1)=0.\begin{align*} \det(\lambda\mathbf I-\mathbf A) =&\,\det\begin{pmatrix}\lambda-a&6a&-2a-2\\0&\lambda-1+a&0\\0&a-2&\lambda+1\end{pmatrix}\\ =&\,(\lambda-a)(\lambda-1+a)(\lambda+1)=0. \end{align*}

Thus the eigenvalues are aa, 1−a1-a and −1-1.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

选取三个无需除以含 aa 因子的特征向量,直接相乘验证。即使某两个特征值相等,只要这三个向量线性无关,仍可组成 P\mathbf P。

答题过程

展开

The first column of A\mathbf A shows that (1,0,0)T(1,0,0)^{\mathsf T} is an eigenvector with eigenvalue aa. For eigenvalue 1−a1-a, choosing v2=v3v_2=v_3 and v1=2v2v_1=2v_2 makes all rows of (A−(1−a)I)v(\mathbf A-(1-a)\mathbf I)\mathbf v zero. For eigenvalue −1-1, choosing v2=0v_2=0 and v1=−2v3v_1=-2v_3 makes (A+I)v=0(\mathbf A+\mathbf I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0. In particular,

A(211)= (2a−6a+2a+21−a2−a−1)= (1−a)(211),A(−201)= (−2a+2a+20−1)= −(−201).\begin{align*} \mathbf A\begin{pmatrix}2\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}2a-6a+2a+2\\1-a\\2-a-1\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,(1-a)\begin{pmatrix}2\\1\\1\end{pmatrix},\\ \mathbf A\begin{pmatrix}-2\\0\\1\end{pmatrix} =&\,\begin{pmatrix}-2a+2a+2\\0\\-1\end{pmatrix} \\ =&\,-\begin{pmatrix}-2\\0\\1\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Thus one choice is

P= (12−2010011),D= (a4000(1−a)40001).\begin{align*} \mathbf P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&2&-2\\0&1&0\\0&1&1\end{pmatrix},\\ \mathbf D=&\,\begin{pmatrix}a^4&0&0\\0&(1-a)^4&0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

Since det⁡P=1\det\mathbf P=1, the eigenvectors form a basis for every allowed aa, including values with repeated eigenvalues. The fourth powers therefore give A4=PDP−1\mathbf A^4=\mathbf P\mathbf D\mathbf P^{-1}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

先展开 (b) 的特征多项式。用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理把 A3\mathbf A^3 写成低次幂,再乘 A\mathbf A。

答题过程

展开

Expanding the characteristic polynomial gives

 (λ−a)(λ−1+a)(λ+1)= [λ2−λ+a(1−a)](λ+1)= λ3−(a2−a+1)λ−(a2−a).\begin{align*} &\,(\lambda-a)(\lambda-1+a)(\lambda+1)\\ =&\,\big[\lambda^2-\lambda+a(1-a)\big](\lambda+1)\\ =&\,\lambda^3-(a^2-a+1)\lambda-(a^2-a). \end{align*}

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem,

A3=(a2−a+1)A+(a2−a)I.\mathbf A^3=(a^2-a+1)\mathbf A+(a^2-a)\mathbf I.

Multiplying by A\mathbf A gives

A4=(a2−a+1)A2+(a2−a)A.\boxed{\mathbf A^4=(a^2-a+1)\mathbf A^2+(a^2-a)\mathbf A}.