The planes Π1 and Π2 do not intersect and are both perpendicular to i+2j+3k. The line l intersects Π1 at the point (1,6,0) and intersects Π2 at the point (3,−6,0).
(a) Find Cartesian equations of Π1 and Π2.
[3]
(b) Express the vector equation of l in the form
xyz=a+λb,
where a and b are vectors to be determined, and hence show that for points on l,
21x+121y=1andz=0.
[2]
The matrix A is given by
A=112122121330.
(c) Show that the characteristic equation of A is −λ3+3λ2+47λ=0 and hence find the eigenvalues of A.
[3]
(d) Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that An=PDP−1, where n is a positive integer.
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Setting the determinant to zero gives the characteristic equation and the eigenvalues 0,27,−21.
(d)
解法一
思路
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对每个特征值求一个特征向量。矩阵的 n 次幂保留这些向量,只把特征值提升到 n 次幂。
答题过程
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For λ=0, the equations are v1+2v2+3v3=0 and 6v1+v2=0, so take (3,−18,11)T. For each non-zero eigenvalue, subtracting the first two eigenvector equations gives v1=v2. The first equation then gives v3=(λ−3)v1/3. Thus we can take (6,6,1)T for λ=27 and (6,6,−7)T for λ=−21.
These three eigenvectors are independent, so one choice is