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CIE 9231 2024 June Paper 23 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2024 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The planes Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2 do not intersect and are both perpendicular to i+2j+3k\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}. The line ll intersects Π1\Pi_1 at the point (1,6,0)(1,6,0) and intersects Π2\Pi_2 at the point (3,−6,0)(3,-6,0).

(a) Find Cartesian equations of Π1\Pi_1 and Π2\Pi_2.

[3]

(b) Express the vector equation of ll in the form

(xyz)=a+λb,\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}=\mathbf{a}+\lambda\mathbf{b},

where a\mathbf{a} and b\mathbf{b} are vectors to be determined, and hence show that for points on ll,

12x+112y=1andz=0.\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{1}{12}y=1\qquad\text{and}\qquad z=0.
[2]

The matrix A\mathbf{A} is given by

A=(123123121120).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\\1&2&3\\\frac12&\frac1{12}&0\end{pmatrix}.

(c) Show that the characteristic equation of A\mathbf{A} is −λ3+3λ2+74λ=0-\lambda^3+3\lambda^2+\frac74\lambda=0 and hence find the eigenvalues of A\mathbf{A}.

[3]

(d) Find a matrix P\mathbf{P} and a diagonal matrix D\mathbf{D} such that An=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^n=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}, where nn is a positive integer.

[6]
题目中文翻译

平面 Π1\Pi_1 和 Π2\Pi_2 不相交,且都垂直于 i+2j+3k\mathbf{i}+2\mathbf{j}+3\mathbf{k}。直线 ll 与 Π1\Pi_1 相交于点 (1,6,0)(1,6,0),并与 Π2\Pi_2 相交于点 (3,−6,0)(3,-6,0)。

(a) 求 Π1\Pi_1 和 Π2\Pi_2 的笛卡尔方程。

(3)

(b) 将 ll 的向量方程写成

(xyz)=a+λb\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix}=\mathbf{a}+\lambda\mathbf{b}

的形式,其中 a\mathbf{a} 和 b\mathbf{b} 为待确定的向量,并据此证明直线 ll 上的点满足

12x+112y=1以及z=0\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{1}{12}y=1\qquad\text{以及}\qquad z=0
(2)

矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 为

A=(123123121120).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}1&2&3\\1&2&3\\\frac12&\frac1{12}&0\end{pmatrix}.

(c) 证明 A\mathbf{A} 的特征方程为 −λ3+3λ2+74λ=0-\lambda^3+3\lambda^2+\frac74\lambda=0,并据此求 A\mathbf{A} 的特征值。

(3)

(d) 求矩阵 P\mathbf{P} 和对角矩阵 D\mathbf{D},使得 An=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^n=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1},其中 nn 为正整数。

(6)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

两平面都有法向量 (1,2,3)(1,2,3)。把各自已知的点代入 x+2y+3z=dx+2y+3z=d,求对应常数。

答题过程

展开

The planes have equations of the form x+2y+3z=dx+2y+3z=d. Substituting (1,6,0)(1,6,0) gives d=13d=13, while substituting (3,−6,0)(3,-6,0) gives d=−9d=-9. Therefore

Π1: x+2y+3z=13,Π2: x+2y+3z=−9.\begin{align*} \Pi_1:&\,x+2y+3z=13,\\ \Pi_2:&\,x+2y+3z=-9. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

用两点坐标之差求方向向量。再由参数式消去 λ\lambda。

答题过程

展开

The difference of the given points is (2,−12,0)(2,-12,0), so we can use (1,−6,0)(1,-6,0) as the direction vector. Thus

(xyz)=(160)+λ(1−60).\begin{pmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}1\\6\\0\end{pmatrix} +\lambda\begin{pmatrix}1\\-6\\0\end{pmatrix}.

It follows that x=1+λx=1+\lambda, y=6−6λy=6-6\lambda and z=0z=0. Substituting gives 12x+112y=1\frac12x+\frac1{12}y=1.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

在 A−λI\mathbf A-\lambda\mathbf I 的行列式中,先用第二行减第一行。新行只有两个非零项,沿这一行展开较简单。

答题过程

展开

In det⁡(A−λI)\det(\mathbf A-\lambda\mathbf I), subtract the first row from the second to give the second row (λ,−λ,0)(\lambda,-\lambda,0). Expanding along it gives

det⁡(A−λI)= −λ(−2λ−14) −λ[−λ(1−λ)−32]= −λ3+3λ2+74λ= −λ(λ−72)(λ+12).\begin{align*} \det(\mathbf A-\lambda\mathbf I) =&\,-\lambda\bigg(-2\lambda-\frac14\bigg)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-\lambda\bigg[-\lambda(1-\lambda)-\frac32\bigg]\\ =&\,-\lambda^3+3\lambda^2+\frac74\lambda\\ =&\,-\lambda\bigg(\lambda-\frac72\bigg)\bigg(\lambda+\frac12\bigg). \end{align*}

Setting the determinant to zero gives the characteristic equation and the eigenvalues 0,72,−12\boxed{0,\frac72,-\frac12}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

对每个特征值求一个特征向量。矩阵的 nn 次幂保留这些向量,只把特征值提升到 nn 次幂。

答题过程

展开

For λ=0\lambda=0, the equations are v1+2v2+3v3=0v_1+2v_2+3v_3=0 and 6v1+v2=06v_1+v_2=0, so take (3,−18,11)T(3,-18,11)^{\mathsf T}. For each non-zero eigenvalue, subtracting the first two eigenvector equations gives v1=v2v_1=v_2. The first equation then gives v3=(λ−3)v1/3v_3=(\lambda-3)v_1/3. Thus we can take (6,6,1)T(6,6,1)^{\mathsf T} for λ=72\lambda=\frac72 and (6,6,−7)T(6,6,-7)^{\mathsf T} for λ=−12\lambda=-\frac12.

These three eigenvectors are independent, so one choice is

P= (366−1866111−7),D= (0000(7/2)n000(−1/2)n).\begin{align*} \mathbf P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}3&6&6\\-18&6&6\\11&1&-7\end{pmatrix},\\ \mathbf D=&\,\begin{pmatrix} 0&0&0\\0&(7/2)^n&0\\0&0&(-1/2)^n \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

This gives An=PDP−1\mathbf A^n=\mathbf P\mathbf D\mathbf P^{-1} for every positive integer nn.