(a) It is given that λ is an eigenvalue of the non-singular square matrix A, with corresponding eigenvector e.
Show that e is an eigenvector of A3 with corresponding eigenvalue λ3.
[2]
The matrix A is given by
A=−10031−2405.
(b) Show that the eigenvalues of A are −1, 1 and 5.
[2]
(c) Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A−2I=PDP−1.
[6]
(d) Use the characteristic equation of A to show that (A−2I)3=aA2+bA+cI where a, b and c are constants to be determined.
[3]
题目中文翻译
(a) 已知 λ 是非奇异方阵 A 的一个特征值,对应特征向量为 e。
证明 e 是 A3 的特征向量,对应特征值为 λ3。
(2)
矩阵 A 为
A=−10031−2405.
(b) 证明 A 的特征值为 −1、1 和 5。
(2)
(c) 求矩阵 P 和对角矩阵 D,使得 A−2I=PDP−1。
(6)
(d) 使用 A 的特征方程,证明 (A−2I)3=aA2+bA+cI,其中 a、b 和 c 是需要确定的常数。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
For λ=−1, the second and third rows of (A+I)e=0 give e2=e3=0, so choose (1,0,0)T. For λ=1, the equations give e2=2e3 and e1=5e3, so choose (5,2,1)T. For λ=5, they give e2=0 and 3e1=2e3, so choose (2,0,3)T.
The eigenvalues of A−2I for these eigenvectors are −3,−1,3, respectively. Thus we can take
P=100521203,D=−3000−10003.
The columns of P form a basis, so A−2I=PDP−1.
(d)
解法一
思路
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用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理把 A3 写成低次幂,再代入 (A−2I)3 的二项展开。
答题过程
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Expanding the characteristic polynomial in (b) gives λ3−5λ2−λ+5. By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3=5A2+A−5I. Consequently,