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CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 23 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 23 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=1x2+1y = \frac{1}{x^2 + 1} for 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1, together with a set of nn rectangles of width 1n\frac{1}{n}.

(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that

∑r=1nnn2+r2<14π.\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2} < \frac{1}{4}\pi.
[5]

(b) Use a similar method to find a lower bound for ∑r=1nnn2+r2\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2}. Give your answer in terms of nn and π\pi.

[4]

(c) Deduce the exact value of lim⁡n→∞∑r=1nnn2+r2\lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2}.

[1]
题目中文翻译

图中显示曲线 y=1x2+1y = \frac{1}{x^2 + 1},其中 0≤x≤10 \le x \le 1,以及一组宽度为 1n\frac{1}{n} 的 nn 个矩形。

(a) 通过考虑这些矩形面积之和,证明

∑r=1nnn2+r2<14π.\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2} < \frac{1}{4}\pi.
(5)

(b) 使用类似方法,求 ∑r=1nnn2+r2\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2} 的一个下界。答案需用 nn 和 π\pi 表示。

(4)

(c) 推出 lim⁡n→∞∑r=1nnn2+r2\lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{n}{n^2 + r^2} 的精确值。

(1)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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题图的矩形取右端点。函数递减,所以矩形总面积小于曲线下的面积,后者用反正切算出。

答题过程

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Let f(x)=11+x2f(x)=\frac1{1+x^2}. Since ff is strictly decreasing on [0,1][0,1], each right-endpoint rectangle lies below the curve. Their total area is

Sn= 1n[f(1n)+f(2n)+f(3n)+⋯ +f(n−1n)+f(1)].\begin{align*} S_n=&\,\frac1n\bigg[f\bigg(\frac1n\bigg)+f\bigg(\frac2n\bigg)+f\bigg(\frac3n\bigg)+\cdots\\[4mm] &\,\hspace{2pt}+f\bigg(\frac{n-1}n\bigg)+f(1)\bigg]. \end{align*}

The displayed terms indicate the pattern, with nn terms in total. In particular,

1nf(rn)=1n11+r2/n2=nn2+r2.\frac1n f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg)=\frac1n\frac1{1+r^2/n^2}=\frac{n}{n^2+r^2}.

Thus

Sn= 1n∑r=1nf(rn)= ∑r=1nnn2+r2< ∫01f(x) dx= [arctan⁡x]01=π4.\begin{align*} S_n=&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=1}^n f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg)\\[4mm] =&\,\sum_{r=1}^n\frac{n}{n^2+r^2}\\[4mm] <&\,\int_0^1f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x\\[4mm] =&\,[\arctan x]_0^1=\frac\pi4. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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左端点的矩形面积和大于积分。它和右端点的和相减时,只剩区间两个端点的贡献。

答题过程

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The left-endpoint rectangles give

1n∑r=0n−1f(rn)>π4.\frac1n\sum_{r=0}^{n-1}f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg)>\frac\pi4.

This left-endpoint sum exceeds SnS_n by f(0)−f(1)n=12n\frac{f(0)-f(1)}n=\frac1{2n}. Therefore

Sn>π4−12n.S_n>\frac\pi4-\frac1{2n}.

(c)

解法一

思路

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上下界都趋于 π4\frac\pi4,直接用夹逼定理。

答题过程

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Since π4−12n<Sn<π4\frac\pi4-\frac1{2n}<S_n<\frac\pi4, the squeeze theorem gives

lim⁡n→∞∑r=1nnn2+r2=π4.\lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{r=1}^n\frac{n}{n^2+r^2}=\boxed{\frac\pi4}.