题目
Problem
A curve has parametric equations
x=t3−t2+t−1andy=tet.
(a) Show that 1 is the only real value of t for which x=0.
[1]
(b) Show that
dxdy=3t2−2t+1(t+1)et.
[3]
(c) Find the Maclaurin’s series for y up to and including the term in x2.
[6]
题目中文翻译
一条曲线的参数方程为
x=t3−t2+t−1以及y=tet
(a) 证明当 x=0 时,1 是 t 的唯一实数值。
(1)
(b) 证明
dxdy=3t2−2t+1(t+1)et
(3)
(c) 求 y 的 Maclaurin 级数,展开到并包括 x2 项。
(6)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
将 x 的表达式分组因式分解,注意 t2+1 对实数恒为正。
答题过程
展开
We have x=(t−1)(t2+1). Since t2+1>0 for real t, the only real value giving x=0 is t=1.
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
分别对 x(t),y(t) 求导,然后用链式法则取比值。
答题过程
展开
The derivatives are dtdx=3t2−2t+1 and dtdy=(t+1)et. Hence
dxdy=3t2−2t+1(t+1)et.
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
由 (a),Maclaurin 展开所需的 x=0 对应 t=1。对 (b) 的商关于 t 求导后,还要除以 dtdx。
答题过程
展开
Let D=3t2−2t+1. The quotient rule first gives
dtd(dxdy)=D2(t+2)etD−(t+1)et(6t−2).
Dividing by dx/dt=D gives
dx2d2y=D3(t+2)etD−(t+1)et(6t−2).
At t=1, we have D=2, y=e, dxdy=e and
dx2d2y=86e−8e=−4e.
Using y=y(0)+xy′(0)+2x2y′′(0)+O(x3), the Maclaurin expansion is
y=e(1+x−8x2)+O(x3).
解法二
思路
展开
也可令 h=t−1,把 x 和 y 都在 h=0 附近展开。先反解出 h 关于 x 的前两项,再代回 y。
答题过程
展开
Writing h=t−1 gives x=2h+2h2+h3. Comparing coefficients in h=αx+βx2+O(x3) gives 2α=1 and 2β+2α2=0. Thus h=2x−4x2+O(x3). It follows that
y====e(1+h)ehe(1+2h+23h2)+O(h3)e(1+x−2x2+83x2)+O(x3)e(1+x−8x2)+O(x3).