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CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 24 Q7

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 24 Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The matrix AA is given by

A=(171102500−3).A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 7 & 11\\ 0 & 2 & 5\\ 0 & 0 & -3 \end{pmatrix}.

(a) Find a matrix PP and a diagonal matrix DD such that A6=PDP−1A^6 = PDP^{-1}.

[7]

(b) Use the characteristic equation of AA to show that

A6=aA2+bA+cI,A^6 = aA^2 + bA + cI,

where aa, bb and cc are integers to be determined.

[4]
题目中文翻译

矩阵 AA 给出为

A=(171102500−3)A = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 7 & 11\\ 0 & 2 & 5\\ 0 & 0 & -3 \end{pmatrix}

(a) 求矩阵 PP 及对角矩阵 DD,使得 A6=PDP−1A^6 = PDP^{-1}。

(7)

(b) 利用 AA 的特征方程证明

A6=aA2+bA+cIA^6 = aA^2 + bA + cI

其中 aa、bb 和 cc 为待确定的整数。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先求 AA 的特征向量。作用六次后,同一特征向量的特征值变成 λ6\lambda^6,因此可以直接用这些向量组成 PP。

答题过程

展开

The eigenvalues of the triangular matrix AA are 1,2,−31,2,-3. Solving (A−λI)v=0(A-\lambda I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 gives the following choices.

  • For λ=1\lambda=1, v2=v3=0v_2=v_3=0, so take (1,0,0)T(1,0,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=2\lambda=2, v3=0v_3=0 and v1=7v2v_1=7v_2, so take (7,1,0)T(7,1,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=−3\lambda=-3, v2=−v3v_2=-v_3 and v1=−v3v_1=-v_3, so take (1,1,−1)T(1,1,-1)^{\mathsf T}.

The vectors form a basis. Each is an eigenvector of A6A^6 with eigenvalue λ6\lambda^6. Thus one choice is

P=(17101100−1),D=(100064000729).P=\begin{pmatrix}1&7&1\\0&1&1\\0&0&-1\end{pmatrix}, \qquad D=\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0\\0&64&0\\0&0&729\end{pmatrix}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

由特征方程用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理把 A3A^3 写成一次矩阵多项式。再平方即可得到 A6A^6。

答题过程

展开

The characteristic equation is

(λ−1)(λ−2)(λ+3)=λ3−7λ+6=0.(\lambda-1)(\lambda-2)(\lambda+3)=\lambda^3-7\lambda+6=0.

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3=7A−6IA^3=7A-6I. Since AA commutes with II, squaring gives

A6= (7A−6I)2= 49A2−42AI−42IA+36I2.\begin{align*} A^6=&\,(7A-6I)^2\\[4mm] =&\,49A^2-42AI-42IA+36I^2. \end{align*}

Thus

A6=49A2−84A+36I,(a,b,c)=(49,−84,36).A^6=49A^2-84A+36I, \qquad (a,b,c)=(49,-84,36).