(a) The constants a and b are such that the system of equations
−x−2y+z=ax+y−z=by+2z=1,2,3
does not have a unique solution. Find a in terms of b.
(3)
The matrix A is given by
A=−100−2101−12.
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A to show that A4=pA2+qI, where p and q are integers to be determined.
(4)
(c) Find a matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that A7=PDP−1.
(7)
题目中文翻译
(a) 常数 a 和 b 使方程组
−x−2y+z=ax+y−z=by+2z=1,2,3
没有唯一解。求 a,用 b 表示。
(3)
矩阵 A 为
A=−100−2101−12.
(b) 用 A 的特征方程证明 A4=pA2+qI,其中 p 和 q 是待求的整数。
(4)
(c) 求矩阵 P 和对角矩阵 D,使得 A7=PDP−1。
(7)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
Expanding along the first row gives (−1)(2+b)−(−2)(2a)+ab. Setting it equal to zero gives a(b+4)=b+2. When b=−4 this is impossible, so
a=b+4b+2,b=−4.
(b)
解法一
思路
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写出特征方程,用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理先降 A3。乘 A 后再代回同一个等式。
答题过程
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The eigenvalues of A are −1,1,2, so its characteristic polynomial is λ3−2λ2−λ+2. The Cayley–Hamilton theorem gives A3=2A2+A−2I. Therefore
A4===2A3+A2−2A2(2A2+A−2I)+A2−2A5A2−4I.
Thus (p,q)=(5,−4).
解法二
思路
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也可保留特征多项式的因式。补乘 A+2I,使因式都只含 A2。
答题过程
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The factored characteristic equation gives (A2−I)(A−2I)=0. Multiplying by A+2I gives
(A2−I)(A2−4I)=A4−5A2+4I=0.
Hence A4=5A2−4I.
(c)
解法一
思路
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先求 A 的特征向量。A7 保留这些向量,特征值变成原值的七次幂。
答题过程
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Solving the three eigenvector systems gives (1,0,0)T for λ=−1, (1,−1,0)T for λ=1, and (1,−1,1)T for λ=2. In the second system the last coordinate is zero and the first two are opposites. In the third, the second and third are opposites and the first equals the third.
The eigenvectors form a basis and the respective eigenvalues of A7 are −1,1,128. Thus