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CIE 9231 2026 June Paper 22 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2026 June Paper 22 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) The constants aa and bb are such that the system of equations

−x−2y+z= 1,ax+y−z= 2,by+2z= 3\begin{align*} -x-2y+z =&\, 1,\\ ax+y-z =&\, 2,\\ by+2z =&\, 3 \end{align*}

does not have a unique solution. Find aa in terms of bb.

(3)

The matrix A\mathbf{A} is given by

A=(−1−2101−1002).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}-1&-2&1\\0&1&-1\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix}.

(b) Use the characteristic equation of A\mathbf{A} to show that A4=pA2+qI\mathbf{A}^4=p\mathbf{A}^2+q\mathbf{I}, where pp and qq are integers to be determined.

(4)

(c) Find a matrix P\mathbf{P} and a diagonal matrix D\mathbf{D} such that A7=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^7=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}.

(7)
题目中文翻译

(a) 常数 aa 和 bb 使方程组

−x−2y+z= 1,ax+y−z= 2,by+2z= 3\begin{align*} -x-2y+z =&\, 1,\\ ax+y-z =&\, 2,\\ by+2z =&\, 3 \end{align*}

没有唯一解。求 aa,用 bb 表示。

(3)

矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 为

A=(−1−2101−1002).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}-1&-2&1\\0&1&-1\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix}.

(b) 用 A\mathbf{A} 的特征方程证明 A4=pA2+qI\mathbf{A}^4=p\mathbf{A}^2+q\mathbf{I},其中 pp 和 qq 是待求的整数。

(4)

(c) 求矩阵 P\mathbf{P} 和对角矩阵 D\mathbf{D},使得 A7=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^7=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}。

(7)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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没有唯一解时,系数矩阵行列式为零。整理出含 aa 的部分,并检查 b=−4b=-4。

答题过程

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The coefficient determinant is

det⁡(−1−21a1−10b2)=−(2+b)+4a+ab.\det\begin{pmatrix}-1&-2&1\\a&1&-1\\0&b&2\end{pmatrix} =-(2+b)+4a+ab.

Expanding along the first row gives (−1)(2+b)−(−2)(2a)+ab(-1)(2+b)-(-2)(2a)+ab. Setting it equal to zero gives a(b+4)=b+2a(b+4)=b+2. When b=−4b=-4 this is impossible, so

a=b+2b+4,b≠−4.\boxed{a=\frac{b+2}{b+4},\qquad b\ne-4}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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写出特征方程,用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理先降 A3A^3。乘 AA 后再代回同一个等式。

答题过程

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The eigenvalues of A\mathbf A are −1,1,2-1,1,2, so its characteristic polynomial is λ3−2λ2−λ+2\lambda^3-2\lambda^2-\lambda+2. The Cayley–Hamilton theorem gives A3=2A2+A−2I\mathbf A^3=2\mathbf A^2+\mathbf A-2\mathbf I. Therefore

A4= 2A3+A2−2A= 2(2A2+A−2I)+A2−2A= 5A2−4I.\begin{align*} \mathbf A^4=&\,2\mathbf A^3+\mathbf A^2-2\mathbf A\\ =&\,2(2\mathbf A^2+\mathbf A-2\mathbf I)+\mathbf A^2-2\mathbf A\\ =&\,5\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I. \end{align*}

Thus (p,q)=(5,−4)(p,q)=(5,-4).

解法二

思路

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也可保留特征多项式的因式。补乘 A+2I\mathbf A+2\mathbf I,使因式都只含 A2\mathbf A^2。

答题过程

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The factored characteristic equation gives (A2−I)(A−2I)=0(\mathbf A^2-\mathbf I)(\mathbf A-2\mathbf I)=\mathbf0. Multiplying by A+2I\mathbf A+2\mathbf I gives

(A2−I)(A2−4I)=A4−5A2+4I=0.(\mathbf A^2-\mathbf I)(\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I) =\mathbf A^4-5\mathbf A^2+4\mathbf I=\mathbf0.

Hence A4=5A2−4I\mathbf A^4=5\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I.

(c)

解法一

思路

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先求 A\mathbf A 的特征向量。A7\mathbf A^7 保留这些向量,特征值变成原值的七次幂。

答题过程

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Solving the three eigenvector systems gives (1,0,0)T(1,0,0)^{\mathsf T} for λ=−1\lambda=-1, (1,−1,0)T(1,-1,0)^{\mathsf T} for λ=1\lambda=1, and (1,−1,1)T(1,-1,1)^{\mathsf T} for λ=2\lambda=2. In the second system the last coordinate is zero and the first two are opposites. In the third, the second and third are opposites and the first equals the third.

The eigenvectors form a basis and the respective eigenvalues of A7\mathbf A^7 are −1,1,128-1,1,128. Thus

P= (1110−1−1001),D= (−10001000128).\begin{align*} \mathbf P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1\\0&-1&-1\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix},\\ \mathbf D=&\,\begin{pmatrix}-1&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&128\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

give A7=PDP−1\mathbf A^7=\mathbf P\mathbf D\mathbf P^{-1}.