题目
Problem
The diagram shows the curve with equation y=x2lnx for x≥2, together with a set of (N−2) rectangles of unit width.
(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that
r=1∑Nr2lnr<42+3ln2−N1+lnN.
[7]
(b) Use a similar method to find, in terms of N, a lower bound for r=1∑Nr2lnr.
[3]
题目中文翻译
图中显示了方程为 y=x2lnx 的曲线,其中 x≥2,以及一组宽度为 1 的 (N−2) 个矩形。
(a) 考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明
r=1∑Nr2lnr<42+3ln2−N1+lnN
(7)
(b) 使用类似方法,求出一个关于 N 的 r=1∑Nr2lnr 的下界。
(3)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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先验证 x≥2 时曲线递减。题图取右端点,面积和从 3 加到 N,所以把前两项补回后可得到整个和的上界。
答题过程
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Let f(x)=(lnx)/x2. Then f′(x)=(1−2lnx)/x3<0 for x≥2, since ln2>1/2. The diagram uses right endpoints, so
r=3∑Nr2lnr=<32ln3+42ln4+52ln5+⋯+(N−1)2ln(N−1)+N2lnN∫2Nx2lnxdx.
For integration by parts take u=lnx, dv=x−2dx, so du=dx/x and v=−1/x. Then
∫x2lnxdx=−xlnx−x1+C.
Therefore
∫2Nx2lnxdx==[−x1+lnx]2N21+ln2−N1+lnN.
Since f(1)=0 and f(2)=41ln2, adding these terms gives the constant 41ln2+21(1+ln2)=41(2+3ln2). Thus
r=1∑Nr2lnr<42+3ln2−N1+lnN.
(b)
解法一
思路
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改用左端点后,矩形总面积大于积分。这个和从 2 加到 N−1,最后补上第 N 项。
答题过程
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The left-endpoint rectangles on [2,N] give ∑r=2N−1f(r)>∫2Nf(x)dx. Adding f(1)=0 and f(N) yields
r=1∑Nr2lnr>21+ln2−N1+lnN+N2lnN.
解法二
思路
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也可把最后一个宽为 1 的矩形放在 [N,N+1] 上。这样左端点从 2 一直到 N,无需另补末项。
答题过程
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For each r=2,…,N, the left-endpoint rectangle on [r,r+1] has area f(r), greater than the integral over that interval. Thus another lower bound is
∫2N+1f(x)dx=21+ln2−N+11+ln(N+1).