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CIE 9231 2021 November Paper 21 Q4

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2021 Nov Paper 21 Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=ln⁡xx2y=\dfrac{\ln x}{x^2} for x≥2x\ge2, together with a set of (N−2)(N-2) rectangles of unit width.

(a) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that

∑r=1Nln⁡rr2< 2+3ln⁡24 −1+ln⁡NN.\begin{align*} \sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2}<&\,\frac{2+3\ln2}{4}\\ &\,-\frac{1+\ln N}{N}. \end{align*}
[7]

(b) Use a similar method to find, in terms of NN, a lower bound for ∑r=1Nln⁡rr2\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2}.

[3]
题目中文翻译

图中显示了方程为 y=ln⁡xx2y=\dfrac{\ln x}{x^2} 的曲线,其中 x≥2x\ge2,以及一组宽度为 1 的 (N−2)(N-2) 个矩形。

(a) 考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明

∑r=1Nln⁡rr2< 2+3ln⁡24 −1+ln⁡NN\begin{align*} \sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2}<&\,\frac{2+3\ln2}{4}\\ &\,-\frac{1+\ln N}{N} \end{align*}
(7)

(b) 使用类似方法,求出一个关于 NN 的 ∑r=1Nln⁡rr2\displaystyle\sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2} 的下界。

(3)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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先验证 x≥2x\ge2 时曲线递减。题图取右端点,面积和从 33 加到 NN,所以把前两项补回后可得到整个和的上界。

答题过程

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Let f(x)=(ln⁡x)/x2f(x)=(\ln x)/x^2. Then f′(x)=(1−2ln⁡x)/x3<0f'(x)=(1-2\ln x)/x^3<0 for x≥2x\ge2, since ln⁡2>1/2\ln2>1/2. The diagram uses right endpoints, so

∑r=3Nln⁡rr2= ln⁡332+ln⁡442+ln⁡552+⋯ +ln⁡(N−1)(N−1)2+ln⁡NN2< ∫2Nln⁡xx2 dx.\begin{align*} \sum_{r=3}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2} =&\,\frac{\ln3}{3^2}+\frac{\ln4}{4^2}+\frac{\ln5}{5^2}+\cdots\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac{\ln(N-1)}{(N-1)^2}+\frac{\ln N}{N^2}\\ <&\,\int_2^N\frac{\ln x}{x^2}\,\mathrm{d}x. \end{align*}

For integration by parts take u=ln⁡xu=\ln x, dv=x−2 dx\mathrm{d}v=x^{-2}\,\mathrm{d}x, so du=dx/x\mathrm{d}u=\mathrm{d}x/x and v=−1/xv=-1/x. Then

∫ln⁡xx2 dx=−ln⁡xx−1x+C.\int\frac{\ln x}{x^2}\,\mathrm{d}x=-\frac{\ln x}{x}-\frac1x+C.

Therefore

∫2Nln⁡xx2 dx= [−1+ln⁡xx]2N= 1+ln⁡22−1+ln⁡NN.\begin{align*} \int_2^N\frac{\ln x}{x^2}\,\mathrm{d}x =&\,\bigg[-\frac{1+\ln x}{x}\bigg]_2^N\\ =&\,\frac{1+\ln2}{2}-\frac{1+\ln N}{N}. \end{align*}

Since f(1)=0f(1)=0 and f(2)=14ln⁡2f(2)=\frac14\ln2, adding these terms gives the constant 14ln⁡2+12(1+ln⁡2)=14(2+3ln⁡2)\frac14\ln2+\frac12(1+\ln2)=\frac14(2+3\ln2). Thus

∑r=1Nln⁡rr2<2+3ln⁡24−1+ln⁡NN.\sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2} <\frac{2+3\ln2}{4}-\frac{1+\ln N}{N}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

改用左端点后,矩形总面积大于积分。这个和从 22 加到 N−1N-1,最后补上第 NN 项。

答题过程

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The left-endpoint rectangles on [2,N][2,N] give ∑r=2N−1f(r)>∫2Nf(x) dx\sum_{r=2}^{N-1}f(r)>\int_2^N f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x. Adding f(1)=0f(1)=0 and f(N)f(N) yields

∑r=1Nln⁡rr2>1+ln⁡22−1+ln⁡NN+ln⁡NN2.\sum_{r=1}^{N}\frac{\ln r}{r^2}> \boxed{\frac{1+\ln2}{2}-\frac{1+\ln N}{N}+\frac{\ln N}{N^2}}.

解法二

思路

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也可把最后一个宽为 11 的矩形放在 [N,N+1][N,N+1] 上。这样左端点从 22 一直到 NN,无需另补末项。

答题过程

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For each r=2,…,Nr=2,\ldots,N, the left-endpoint rectangle on [r,r+1][r,r+1] has area f(r)f(r), greater than the integral over that interval. Thus another lower bound is

∫2N+1f(x) dx=1+ln⁡22−1+ln⁡(N+1)N+1.\int_2^{N+1}f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x =\boxed{\frac{1+\ln2}{2}-\frac{1+\ln(N+1)}{N+1}}.