题目
Problem
The matrix A \mathbf{A} A is given by
A = ( 2 − 3 − 7 0 5 7 0 0 − 2 ) . \mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}2&-3&-7\\0&5&7\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}. A = 2 0 0 − 3 5 0 − 7 7 − 2 .
(a) Find a matrix P \mathbf{P} P and a diagonal matrix D \mathbf{D} D such that A 5 = P D P − 1 \mathbf{A}^5=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1} A 5 = PD P − 1 .
(7)
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A \mathbf{A} A to show that
A 4 = a A 2 + b I , \mathbf{A}^4=a\mathbf{A}^2+b\mathbf{I}, A 4 = a A 2 + b I ,
where a a a and b b b are integers to be determined.
(4)
题目中文翻译
矩阵 A \mathbf{A} A 为
A = ( 2 − 3 − 7 0 5 7 0 0 − 2 ) . \mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}2&-3&-7\\0&5&7\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}. A = 2 0 0 − 3 5 0 − 7 7 − 2 .
(a) 求矩阵 P \mathbf{P} P 和对角矩阵 D \mathbf{D} D ,使得 A 5 = P D P − 1 \mathbf{A}^5=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1} A 5 = PD P − 1 。
(7)
(b) 利用 A \mathbf{A} A 的特征方程证明
A 4 = a A 2 + b I , \mathbf{A}^4=a\mathbf{A}^2+b\mathbf{I}, A 4 = a A 2 + b I ,
其中 a a a 和 b b b 是待求的整数。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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从上三角矩阵的对角线读出特征值,再求对应特征向量。A 5 \mathbf A^5 A 5 保留这些向量,只把特征值提升到五次幂。
答题过程
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Since A \mathbf A A is upper triangular, its characteristic equation is ( λ − 2 ) ( λ − 5 ) ( λ + 2 ) = 0 (\lambda-2)(\lambda-5)(\lambda+2)=0 ( λ − 2 ) ( λ − 5 ) ( λ + 2 ) = 0 . The eigenvalues are 2 , 5 , − 2 2,5,-2 2 , 5 , − 2 . Solving ( A − λ I ) v = 0 (\mathbf A-\lambda\mathbf I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 ( A − λ I ) v = 0 gives these choices.
For λ = 2 \lambda=2 λ = 2 , v 2 = v 3 = 0 v_2=v_3=0 v 2 = v 3 = 0 , so take ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T (1,0,0)^{\mathsf T} ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T .
For λ = 5 \lambda=5 λ = 5 , the third row gives − 7 v 3 = 0 -7v_3=0 − 7 v 3 = 0 , and the first then gives − 3 v 1 − 3 v 2 = 0 -3v_1-3v_2=0 − 3 v 1 − 3 v 2 = 0 . Thus v 3 = 0 v_3=0 v 3 = 0 and v 1 = − v 2 v_1=-v_2 v 1 = − v 2 , so take ( 1 , − 1 , 0 ) T (1,-1,0)^{\mathsf T} ( 1 , − 1 , 0 ) T .
For λ = − 2 \lambda=-2 λ = − 2 , the second row gives 7 v 2 + 7 v 3 = 0 7v_2+7v_3=0 7 v 2 + 7 v 3 = 0 , and the first gives 4 v 1 − 3 v 2 − 7 v 3 = 0 4v_1-3v_2-7v_3=0 4 v 1 − 3 v 2 − 7 v 3 = 0 . Thus v 2 = − v 3 v_2=-v_3 v 2 = − v 3 and v 1 = v 3 v_1=v_3 v 1 = v 3 , so take ( 1 , − 1 , 1 ) T (1,-1,1)^{\mathsf T} ( 1 , − 1 , 1 ) T .
The eigenvectors form a basis. They give A 5 = P D P − 1 \mathbf A^5=\mathbf P\mathbf D\mathbf P^{-1} A 5 = PD P − 1 with
P = ( 1 1 1 0 − 1 − 1 0 0 1 ) , D = ( 32 0 0 0 3125 0 0 0 − 32 ) . \begin{align*}
\mathbf P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1\\0&-1&-1\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix},\\
\mathbf D=&\,\begin{pmatrix}32&0&0\\0&3125&0\\0&0&-32\end{pmatrix}.
\end{align*} P = D = 1 0 0 1 − 1 0 1 − 1 1 , 32 0 0 0 3125 0 0 0 − 32 .
(b)
解法一
思路
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用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理先把 A 3 \mathbf A^3 A 3 降为二次式。再乘 A \mathbf A A ,将出现的 A 3 \mathbf A^3 A 3 代回。
答题过程
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The characteristic polynomial is ( λ − 2 ) ( λ − 5 ) ( λ + 2 ) = λ 3 − 5 λ 2 − 4 λ + 20 (\lambda-2)(\lambda-5)(\lambda+2)=\lambda^3-5\lambda^2-4\lambda+20 ( λ − 2 ) ( λ − 5 ) ( λ + 2 ) = λ 3 − 5 λ 2 − 4 λ + 20 . By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A 3 = 5 A 2 + 4 A − 20 I \mathbf A^3=5\mathbf A^2+4\mathbf A-20\mathbf I A 3 = 5 A 2 + 4 A − 20 I . Thus
A 4 = 5 A 3 + 4 A 2 − 20 A = 5 ( 5 A 2 + 4 A − 20 I ) + 4 A 2 − 20 A = 29 A 2 − 100 I . \begin{align*}
\mathbf A^4
=&\,5\mathbf A^3+4\mathbf A^2-20\mathbf A\\
=&\,5(5\mathbf A^2+4\mathbf A-20\mathbf I)+4\mathbf A^2-20\mathbf A\\
=&\,29\mathbf A^2-100\mathbf I.
\end{align*} A 4 = = = 5 A 3 + 4 A 2 − 20 A 5 ( 5 A 2 + 4 A − 20 I ) + 4 A 2 − 20 A 29 A 2 − 100 I .
Therefore ( a , b ) = ( 29 , − 100 ) (a,b)=(29,-100) ( a , b ) = ( 29 , − 100 ) .
解法二
思路
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也可保留特征多项式的因式。补乘 A + 5 I \mathbf A+5\mathbf I A + 5 I ,即可直接得到关于 A 2 \mathbf A^2 A 2 的方程。
答题过程
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The factored characteristic equation gives ( A 2 − 4 I ) ( A − 5 I ) = 0 (\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I)(\mathbf A-5\mathbf I)=\mathbf0 ( A 2 − 4 I ) ( A − 5 I ) = 0 . Multiplying by A + 5 I \mathbf A+5\mathbf I A + 5 I gives
( A 2 − 4 I ) ( A 2 − 25 I ) = 0. (\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I)(\mathbf A^2-25\mathbf I)=\mathbf0. ( A 2 − 4 I ) ( A 2 − 25 I ) = 0 .
Expanding yields A 4 = 29 A 2 − 100 I \mathbf A^4=29\mathbf A^2-100\mathbf I A 4 = 29 A 2 − 100 I .