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CIE 9231 2022 November Paper 23 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2022 Nov Paper 23 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

The matrix A\mathbf{A} is given by

A=(2−3−705700−2).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}2&-3&-7\\0&5&7\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}.

(a) Find a matrix P\mathbf{P} and a diagonal matrix D\mathbf{D} such that A5=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^5=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}.

(7)

(b) Use the characteristic equation of A\mathbf{A} to show that

A4=aA2+bI,\mathbf{A}^4=a\mathbf{A}^2+b\mathbf{I},

where aa and bb are integers to be determined.

(4)
题目中文翻译

矩阵 A\mathbf{A} 为

A=(2−3−705700−2).\mathbf{A}=\begin{pmatrix}2&-3&-7\\0&5&7\\0&0&-2\end{pmatrix}.

(a) 求矩阵 P\mathbf{P} 和对角矩阵 D\mathbf{D},使得 A5=PDP−1\mathbf{A}^5=\mathbf{P}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{P}^{-1}。

(7)

(b) 利用 A\mathbf{A} 的特征方程证明

A4=aA2+bI,\mathbf{A}^4=a\mathbf{A}^2+b\mathbf{I},

其中 aa 和 bb 是待求的整数。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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从上三角矩阵的对角线读出特征值,再求对应特征向量。A5\mathbf A^5 保留这些向量,只把特征值提升到五次幂。

答题过程

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Since A\mathbf A is upper triangular, its characteristic equation is (λ−2)(λ−5)(λ+2)=0(\lambda-2)(\lambda-5)(\lambda+2)=0. The eigenvalues are 2,5,−22,5,-2. Solving (A−λI)v=0(\mathbf A-\lambda\mathbf I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 gives these choices.

  • For λ=2\lambda=2, v2=v3=0v_2=v_3=0, so take (1,0,0)T(1,0,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=5\lambda=5, the third row gives −7v3=0-7v_3=0, and the first then gives −3v1−3v2=0-3v_1-3v_2=0. Thus v3=0v_3=0 and v1=−v2v_1=-v_2, so take (1,−1,0)T(1,-1,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=−2\lambda=-2, the second row gives 7v2+7v3=07v_2+7v_3=0, and the first gives 4v1−3v2−7v3=04v_1-3v_2-7v_3=0. Thus v2=−v3v_2=-v_3 and v1=v3v_1=v_3, so take (1,−1,1)T(1,-1,1)^{\mathsf T}.

The eigenvectors form a basis. They give A5=PDP−1\mathbf A^5=\mathbf P\mathbf D\mathbf P^{-1} with

P= (1110−1−1001),D= (320003125000−32).\begin{align*} \mathbf P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&1&1\\0&-1&-1\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix},\\ \mathbf D=&\,\begin{pmatrix}32&0&0\\0&3125&0\\0&0&-32\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理先把 A3\mathbf A^3 降为二次式。再乘 A\mathbf A,将出现的 A3\mathbf A^3 代回。

答题过程

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The characteristic polynomial is (λ−2)(λ−5)(λ+2)=λ3−5λ2−4λ+20(\lambda-2)(\lambda-5)(\lambda+2)=\lambda^3-5\lambda^2-4\lambda+20. By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3=5A2+4A−20I\mathbf A^3=5\mathbf A^2+4\mathbf A-20\mathbf I. Thus

A4= 5A3+4A2−20A= 5(5A2+4A−20I)+4A2−20A= 29A2−100I.\begin{align*} \mathbf A^4 =&\,5\mathbf A^3+4\mathbf A^2-20\mathbf A\\ =&\,5(5\mathbf A^2+4\mathbf A-20\mathbf I)+4\mathbf A^2-20\mathbf A\\ =&\,29\mathbf A^2-100\mathbf I. \end{align*}

Therefore (a,b)=(29,−100)(a,b)=(29,-100).

解法二

思路

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也可保留特征多项式的因式。补乘 A+5I\mathbf A+5\mathbf I,即可直接得到关于 A2\mathbf A^2 的方程。

答题过程

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The factored characteristic equation gives (A2−4I)(A−5I)=0(\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I)(\mathbf A-5\mathbf I)=\mathbf0. Multiplying by A+5I\mathbf A+5\mathbf I gives

(A2−4I)(A2−25I)=0.(\mathbf A^2-4\mathbf I)(\mathbf A^2-25\mathbf I)=\mathbf0.

Expanding yields A4=29A2−100I\mathbf A^4=29\mathbf A^2-100\mathbf I.