题目
Problem
The matrix A A A is given by
A = ( − 6 2 13 0 − 2 5 0 0 8 ) . A=\begin{pmatrix}
-6&2&13\\
0&-2&5\\
0&0&8
\end{pmatrix}. A = − 6 0 0 2 − 2 0 13 5 8 .
(a) Find a matrix P P P and a diagonal matrix D D D such that
A − 1 = P D P − 1 . A^{-1}=PDP^{-1}. A − 1 = P D P − 1 .
[7]
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A A A to find A − 1 A^{-1} A − 1 .
[4]
题目中文翻译
矩阵 A A A 为
A = ( − 6 2 13 0 − 2 5 0 0 8 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}
-6&2&13\\
0&-2&5\\
0&0&8
\end{pmatrix} A = − 6 0 0 2 − 2 0 13 5 8
(a) 求矩阵 P P P 和对角矩阵 D D D ,使得
A − 1 = P D P − 1 A^{-1}=PDP^{-1} A − 1 = P D P − 1
(7)
(b) 利用 A A A 的特征方程求 A − 1 A^{-1} A − 1 。
(4)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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上三角矩阵的对角线给出特征值。求出对应特征向量后,在 D D D 中按列顺序放入原特征值的倒数。
答题过程
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The eigenvalues of A A A are − 6 , − 2 , 8 -6,-2,8 − 6 , − 2 , 8 . Solving ( A − λ I ) v = 0 (A-\lambda I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 ( A − λ I ) v = 0 gives the following choices.
For λ = − 6 \lambda=-6 λ = − 6 , v 2 = v 3 = 0 v_2=v_3=0 v 2 = v 3 = 0 , so take ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T (1,0,0)^{\mathsf T} ( 1 , 0 , 0 ) T .
For λ = − 2 \lambda=-2 λ = − 2 , v 3 = 0 v_3=0 v 3 = 0 and v 2 = 2 v 1 v_2=2v_1 v 2 = 2 v 1 , so take ( 1 , 2 , 0 ) T (1,2,0)^{\mathsf T} ( 1 , 2 , 0 ) T .
For λ = 8 \lambda=8 λ = 8 , v 3 = 2 v 2 v_3=2v_2 v 3 = 2 v 2 and v 1 = v 3 v_1=v_3 v 1 = v 3 , so take ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) T (2,1,2)^{\mathsf T} ( 2 , 1 , 2 ) T .
If A v = λ v A\mathbf v=\lambda\mathbf v A v = λ v , then A − 1 v = λ − 1 v A^{-1}\mathbf v=\lambda^{-1}\mathbf v A − 1 v = λ − 1 v . Therefore
P = ( 1 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 2 ) , D = ( − 1 / 6 0 0 0 − 1 / 2 0 0 0 1 / 8 ) . \begin{align*}
P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&1&2\\0&2&1\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix},\\
D=&\,\begin{pmatrix}
-1/6&0&0\\0&-1/2&0\\0&0&1/8
\end{pmatrix}.
\end{align*} P = D = 1 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 2 , − 1/6 0 0 0 − 1/2 0 0 0 1/8 .
give A − 1 = P D P − 1 A^{-1}=PDP^{-1} A − 1 = P D P − 1 .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
由特征值写出特征方程。用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理得到矩阵等式,再乘 A − 1 A^{-1} A − 1 ,只需求出 A 2 A^2 A 2 。
答题过程
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The characteristic polynomial is
( λ + 6 ) ( λ + 2 ) ( λ − 8 ) = λ 3 − 52 λ − 96. (\lambda+6)(\lambda+2)(\lambda-8)=\lambda^3-52\lambda-96. ( λ + 6 ) ( λ + 2 ) ( λ − 8 ) = λ 3 − 52 λ − 96.
By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A 3 − 52 A − 96 I = 0 A^3-52A-96I=0 A 3 − 52 A − 96 I = 0 . Multiplying by A − 1 A^{-1} A − 1 gives A 2 − 52 I − 96 A − 1 = 0 A^2-52I-96A^{-1}=0 A 2 − 52 I − 96 A − 1 = 0 . Calculating A 2 A^2 A 2 , its first-row entries are
( A 2 ) 11 = ( − 6 ) 2 = 36 , ( A 2 ) 12 = ( − 6 ) 2 + 2 ( − 2 ) = − 16 , ( A 2 ) 13 = ( − 6 ) 13 + 2 ( 5 ) + 13 ( 8 ) = 36. \begin{align*}
(A^2)_{11}=&\,(-6)^2=36,\\
(A^2)_{12}=&\,(-6)2+2(-2)=-16,\\
(A^2)_{13}=&\,(-6)13+2(5)+13(8)=36.
\end{align*} ( A 2 ) 11 = ( A 2 ) 12 = ( A 2 ) 13 = ( − 6 ) 2 = 36 , ( − 6 ) 2 + 2 ( − 2 ) = − 16 , ( − 6 ) 13 + 2 ( 5 ) + 13 ( 8 ) = 36.
The other rows give
A 2 = ( 36 − 16 36 0 4 30 0 0 64 ) . A^2=\begin{pmatrix}36&-16&36\\0&4&30\\0&0&64\end{pmatrix}. A 2 = 36 0 0 − 16 4 0 36 30 64 .
Therefore
A − 1 = A 2 − 52 I 96 = 1 96 ( − 16 − 16 36 0 − 48 30 0 0 12 ) . \begin{align*}
A^{-1}=&\,\frac{A^2-52I}{96}\\
=&\,\frac1{96}\begin{pmatrix}-16&-16&36\\0&-48&30\\0&0&12\end{pmatrix}.
\end{align*} A − 1 = = 96 A 2 − 52 I 96 1 − 16 0 0 − 16 − 48 0 36 30 12 .