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CIE 9231 2023 November Paper 21 Q7

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2023 Nov Paper 21 Paper · Question 7

题目

Problem

The matrix AA is given by

A=(−62130−25008).A=\begin{pmatrix} -6&2&13\\ 0&-2&5\\ 0&0&8 \end{pmatrix}.

(a) Find a matrix PP and a diagonal matrix DD such that

A−1=PDP−1.A^{-1}=PDP^{-1}.
[7]

(b) Use the characteristic equation of AA to find A−1A^{-1}.

[4]
题目中文翻译

矩阵 AA 为

A=(−62130−25008)A=\begin{pmatrix} -6&2&13\\ 0&-2&5\\ 0&0&8 \end{pmatrix}

(a) 求矩阵 PP 和对角矩阵 DD,使得

A−1=PDP−1A^{-1}=PDP^{-1}
(7)

(b) 利用 AA 的特征方程求 A−1A^{-1}。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

上三角矩阵的对角线给出特征值。求出对应特征向量后,在 DD 中按列顺序放入原特征值的倒数。

答题过程

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The eigenvalues of AA are −6,−2,8-6,-2,8. Solving (A−λI)v=0(A-\lambda I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 gives the following choices.

  • For λ=−6\lambda=-6, v2=v3=0v_2=v_3=0, so take (1,0,0)T(1,0,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=−2\lambda=-2, v3=0v_3=0 and v2=2v1v_2=2v_1, so take (1,2,0)T(1,2,0)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=8\lambda=8, v3=2v2v_3=2v_2 and v1=v3v_1=v_3, so take (2,1,2)T(2,1,2)^{\mathsf T}.

If Av=λvA\mathbf v=\lambda\mathbf v, then A−1v=λ−1vA^{-1}\mathbf v=\lambda^{-1}\mathbf v. Therefore

P= (112021002),D= (−1/6000−1/20001/8).\begin{align*} P=&\,\begin{pmatrix}1&1&2\\0&2&1\\0&0&2\end{pmatrix},\\ D=&\,\begin{pmatrix} -1/6&0&0\\0&-1/2&0\\0&0&1/8 \end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}

give A−1=PDP−1A^{-1}=PDP^{-1}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

由特征值写出特征方程。用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理得到矩阵等式,再乘 A−1A^{-1},只需求出 A2A^2。

答题过程

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The characteristic polynomial is

(λ+6)(λ+2)(λ−8)=λ3−52λ−96.(\lambda+6)(\lambda+2)(\lambda-8)=\lambda^3-52\lambda-96.

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3−52A−96I=0A^3-52A-96I=0. Multiplying by A−1A^{-1} gives A2−52I−96A−1=0A^2-52I-96A^{-1}=0. Calculating A2A^2, its first-row entries are

(A2)11= (−6)2=36,(A2)12= (−6)2+2(−2)=−16,(A2)13= (−6)13+2(5)+13(8)=36.\begin{align*} (A^2)_{11}=&\,(-6)^2=36,\\ (A^2)_{12}=&\,(-6)2+2(-2)=-16,\\ (A^2)_{13}=&\,(-6)13+2(5)+13(8)=36. \end{align*}

The other rows give

A2=(36−163604300064).A^2=\begin{pmatrix}36&-16&36\\0&4&30\\0&0&64\end{pmatrix}.

Therefore

A−1= A2−52I96= 196(−16−16360−48300012).\begin{align*} A^{-1}=&\,\frac{A^2-52I}{96}\\ =&\,\frac1{96}\begin{pmatrix}-16&-16&36\\0&-48&30\\0&0&12\end{pmatrix}. \end{align*}