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CIE 9231 2023 November Paper 21 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2023 Nov Paper 21 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) State the sum of the series 1+z+z2+⋯+zn−11+z+z^2+\cdots+z^{n-1}, for z≠1z\ne1.

[1]

(b) By letting z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta, where cos⁡θ≠1\cos\theta\ne1, show that

1+cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θ+⋯+cos⁡(n−1)θ=12(1−cos⁡nθ+sin⁡nθsin⁡θ1−cos⁡θ).1+\cos\theta+\cos2\theta+\cdots+\cos(n-1)\theta=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\cos n\theta+\frac{\sin n\theta\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}\right).
[7]

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=cos⁡xy=\cos x for 0≤x≤10\le x\le1, together with a set of nn rectangles of width 1n\frac{1}{n}.

(c) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that

∫01cos⁡x dx<12n(1−cos⁡1+sin⁡1nsin⁡11−cos⁡1n).\int_0^1\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x<\frac{1}{2n}\left(1-\cos1+\frac{\sin\frac{1}{n}\sin1}{1-\cos\frac{1}{n}}\right).
[4]

(d) Use a similar method to find, in terms of nn, a lower bound for

∫01cos⁡x dx.\int_0^1\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x.
[3]
题目中文翻译

(a) 写出级数 1+z+z2+⋯+zn−11+z+z^2+\cdots+z^{n-1} 的和,其中 z≠1z\ne1。

(1)

(b) 令 z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta,其中 cos⁡θ≠1\cos\theta\ne1,证明

1+cos⁡θ+cos⁡2θ+⋯+cos⁡(n−1)θ=12(1−cos⁡nθ+sin⁡nθsin⁡θ1−cos⁡θ)1+\cos\theta+\cos2\theta+\cdots+\cos(n-1)\theta=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\cos n\theta+\frac{\sin n\theta\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}\right)
(7)

图中显示曲线 y=cos⁡xy=\cos x,其中 0≤x≤10\le x\le1,以及一组宽度均为 1n\frac{1}{n} 的 nn 个矩形。

(c) 通过考虑这些矩形的面积之和,证明

∫01cos⁡x dx<12n(1−cos⁡1+sin⁡1nsin⁡11−cos⁡1n)\int_0^1\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x<\frac{1}{2n}\left(1-\cos1+\frac{\sin\frac{1}{n}\sin1}{1-\cos\frac{1}{n}}\right)
(4)

(d) 使用类似方法,求关于 nn 的积分

∫01cos⁡x dx\int_0^1\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x

的下界。

(3)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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用首项为 11、公比为 zz 的有限等比数列求和公式。

答题过程

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For z≠1z\ne1,

1+z+⋯+zn−1=1−zn1−z.1+z+\cdots+z^{n-1}=\frac{1-z^n}{1-z}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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余弦和是等比和的实部。将分子分母同乘 1−zˉ1-\bar z,分母可化成 2(1−cos⁡θ)2(1-\cos\theta)。

答题过程

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Let z=cos⁡θ+isin⁡θz=\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta. By de Moivre’s theorem, the required cosine sum is the real part of (1−zn)/(1−z)(1-z^n)/(1-z). Multiplying by 1−zˉ1-\bar z makes the denominator

(1−cos⁡θ)2+sin⁡2θ=2(1−cos⁡θ).(1-\cos\theta)^2+\sin^2\theta=2(1-\cos\theta).

Let a=1−cos⁡nθa=1-\cos n\theta, b=sin⁡nθb=\sin n\theta, c=1−cos⁡θc=1-\cos\theta, and d=sin⁡θd=\sin\theta. Then

(a−ib)(c+id)=ac+bd+i(ad−bc).(a-\mathrm{i}b)(c+\mathrm{i}d)=ac+bd+\mathrm{i}(ad-bc).

Thus

Re⁡(1−zn1−z)= ac+bd2c= 12(a+bdc)= 12(1−cos⁡nθ+sin⁡nθsin⁡θ1−cos⁡θ).\begin{align*} \operatorname{Re}\bigg(\frac{1-z^n}{1-z}\bigg) =&\,\frac{ac+bd}{2c}\\ =&\,\frac12\bigg(a+\frac{bd}{c}\bigg)\\ =&\,\frac12\bigg(1-\cos n\theta+\frac{\sin n\theta\sin\theta}{1-\cos\theta}\bigg). \end{align*}

解法二

思路

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也可在指数形式的分子和分母同时乘 e−iθ/2e^{-\mathrm{i}\theta/2},把分母化成纯虚数。取实部后,再用半角恒等式。

答题过程

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With z=eiθz=e^{\mathrm{i}\theta},

zn−1z−1=ei(n−1/2)θ−e−iθ/22isin⁡(θ/2).\frac{z^n-1}{z-1} =\frac{e^{\mathrm{i}(n-1/2)\theta}-e^{-\mathrm{i}\theta/2}}{2\mathrm{i}\sin(\theta/2)}.

Its real part is

 sin⁡((n−12)θ)+sin⁡(θ/2)2sin⁡(θ/2)= 12+sin⁡nθcos⁡(θ/2)2sin⁡(θ/2)−12cos⁡nθ= 12(1−cos⁡nθ+sin⁡nθcos⁡(θ/2)sin⁡(θ/2)).\begin{align*} &\,\frac{\sin((n-\frac12)\theta)+\sin(\theta/2)}{2\sin(\theta/2)}\\ =&\,\frac12+\frac{\sin n\theta\cos(\theta/2)}{2\sin(\theta/2)}-\frac12\cos n\theta\\ =&\,\frac12\bigg(1-\cos n\theta+\sin n\theta\frac{\cos(\theta/2)}{\sin(\theta/2)}\bigg). \end{align*}

Using cos⁡(θ/2)/sin⁡(θ/2)=sin⁡θ/(1−cos⁡θ)\cos(\theta/2)/\sin(\theta/2)=\sin\theta/(1-\cos\theta) gives the required identity.

(c)

解法一

思路

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余弦在 [0,1][0,1] 上递减,题图的左端点矩形给出上界。面积和中的角度以 1/n1/n 为步长,直接用 (b)。

答题过程

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The left-endpoint rectangles have total area

Un= 1n[1+cos⁡1n+cos⁡2n+⋯ +cos⁡n−2n+cos⁡n−1n]= 1n∑r=0n−1cos⁡rn.\begin{align*} U_n=&\,\frac1n\bigg[1+\cos\frac1n+\cos\frac2n+\cdots\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\cos\frac{n-2}{n}+\cos\frac{n-1}{n}\bigg]\\ =&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=0}^{n-1}\cos\frac rn. \end{align*}

Since cosine is strictly decreasing on [0,1][0,1], the integral is strictly less than UnU_n. Applying (b) with θ=1/n\theta=1/n gives

∫01cos⁡x dx<12n(1−cos⁡1+sin⁡1sin⁡(1/n)1−cos⁡(1/n)).\int_0^1\cos x\,\mathrm{d}x <\frac1{2n}\bigg(1-\cos1+\frac{\sin1\sin(1/n)}{1-\cos(1/n)}\bigg).

(d)

解法一

思路

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右端点矩形给出下界。与上界相比,只需删去高度 cos⁡0\cos0 对应的面积,再加上高度 cos⁡1\cos1 对应的面积。

答题过程

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The area sum of the right-endpoint rectangles lies strictly below the integral. It differs from UnU_n by replacing the term 1/n1/n with (cos⁡1)/n(\cos1)/n. Therefore the lower bound is

Ln= Un+cos⁡1−1n= 12n(cos⁡1−1+sin⁡1sin⁡(1/n)1−cos⁡(1/n)).\begin{align*} L_n=&\,U_n+\frac{\cos1-1}{n}\\ =&\,\boxed{\frac1{2n}\bigg(\cos1-1+\frac{\sin1\sin(1/n)}{1-\cos(1/n)}\bigg)}. \end{align*}