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CIE 9231 2024 November Paper 21 Q4

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2024 Nov Paper 21 Paper · Question 4

题目

Problem

The matrix AA is given by

A=(−11180−20−16113).A = \begin{pmatrix} -11 & 1 & 8\\ 0 & -2 & 0\\ -16 & 1 & 13 \end{pmatrix}.

(a) Show that

(111)\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}

is an eigenvector of AA and state the corresponding eigenvalue.

[2]

(b) Show that the characteristic equation of AA is

λ3−19λ−30=0\lambda^3 - 19\lambda - 30 = 0

and hence find the other eigenvalues of AA.

[3]

(c) Use the characteristic equation of AA to find A−1A^{-1}.

[4]
题目中文翻译

矩阵 AA 给出为

A=(−11180−20−16113)A = \begin{pmatrix} -11 & 1 & 8\\ 0 & -2 & 0\\ -16 & 1 & 13 \end{pmatrix}

(a) 证明

(111)\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}

是 AA 的一个特征向量,并写出相应的特征值。

(2)

(b) 证明 AA 的特征方程为

λ3−19λ−30=0\lambda^3 - 19\lambda - 30 = 0

并据此求出 AA 的其他特征值。

(3)

(c) 利用 AA 的特征方程求 A−1A^{-1}。

(4)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

直接将 AA 乘给定向量,检查结果是否为原向量的倍数。

答题过程

展开

Multiplication gives

A(111)=(−11+1+8−2−16+1+13)=−2(111).A\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix} =\begin{pmatrix}-11+1+8\\-2\\-16+1+13\end{pmatrix} =-2\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\\1\end{pmatrix}.

Thus the given vector is an eigenvector with eigenvalue −2-2.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

λI−A\lambda I-A 的第二行只有一个非零元素。沿该行展开后,先分解二次因子,再写出展开的特征方程。

答题过程

展开

The characteristic polynomial is

det⁡(λI−A)= (λ+2)[(λ+11)(λ−13)+128]= (λ+2)(λ2−2λ−15)= (λ+2)(λ−5)(λ+3)=λ3−19λ−30.\begin{align*} \det(\lambda I-A) =&\,(\lambda+2)\big[(\lambda+11)(\lambda-13)+128\big]\\ =&\,(\lambda+2)(\lambda^2-2\lambda-15)\\ =&\,(\lambda+2)(\lambda-5)(\lambda+3)=\lambda^3-19\lambda-30. \end{align*}

Its zeros are the eigenvalues. The other two are 5 and −3\boxed{5\text{ and }-3}.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理得到含 A3A^3 的等式,再乘 A−1A^{-1}。这样只需求 A2A^2,就能写出逆矩阵。

答题过程

展开

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3−19A−30I=0A^3-19A-30I=0. The eigenvalues are all non-zero, so multiplying by A−1A^{-1} gives 30A−1=A2−19I30A^{-1}=A^2-19I. For example, the first row of A2A^2 is obtained from

(A2)11= (−11)2+8(−16)=−7,(A2)12= −11−2+8=−5,(A2)13= −88+104=16.\begin{align*} (A^2)_{11}=&\,(-11)^2+8(-16)=-7,\\[4mm] (A^2)_{12}=&\,-11-2+8=-5,\\[4mm] (A^2)_{13}=&\,-88+104=16. \end{align*}

Completing the other rows gives

A2=(−7−516040−32−541).A^2=\begin{pmatrix}-7&-5&16\\0&4&0\\-32&-5&41\end{pmatrix}.

Consequently

A−1=130(−26−5160−150−32−522).A^{-1}=\frac1{30}\begin{pmatrix}-26&-5&16\\0&-15&0\\-32&-5&22\end{pmatrix}.