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CIE 9231 2024 November Paper 22 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2024 Nov Paper 22 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

The matrix AA is given by

A=(−200079417).A = \begin{pmatrix} -2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 7 & 9\\ 4 & 1 & 7 \end{pmatrix}.

(a) Show that the characteristic equation of AA is

λ3−12λ2+12λ+80=0\lambda^3 - 12\lambda^2 + 12\lambda + 80 = 0

and find the eigenvalues of AA.

[4]

(b) Use the characteristic equation of AA to show that

A4=pA2+qA+rI,A^4 = pA^2 + qA + rI,

where pp, qq and rr are integers to be determined.

[4]

(c) Find a matrix PP and a diagonal matrix DD such that (A−3I)4=PDP−1(A - 3I)^4 = PDP^{-1}.

[6]
题目中文翻译

矩阵 AA 给出为

A=(−200079417)A = \begin{pmatrix} -2 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 7 & 9\\ 4 & 1 & 7 \end{pmatrix}

(a) 证明 AA 的特征方程为

λ3−12λ2+12λ+80=0\lambda^3 - 12\lambda^2 + 12\lambda + 80 = 0

并求 AA 的特征值。

(4)

(b) 利用 AA 的特征方程证明

A4=pA2+qA+rIA^4 = pA^2 + qA + rI

其中 pp、qq 和 rr 为待确定的整数。

(4)

(c) 求矩阵 PP 及对角矩阵 DD,使得 (A−3I)4=PDP−1(A - 3I)^4 = PDP^{-1}。

(6)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

沿 λI−A\lambda I-A 的第一行展开行列式。剩下的二阶行列式是平方差,可以直接分解。

答题过程

展开

The characteristic polynomial is

 det⁡(λI−A)= (λ+2)[(λ−7)2−9]= (λ+2)(λ−4)(λ−10)= λ3−12λ2+12λ+80.\begin{align*} &\,\det(\lambda I-A)\\[4mm] =&\,(\lambda+2)\big[(\lambda-7)^2-9\big]\\[4mm] =&\,(\lambda+2)(\lambda-4)(\lambda-10)\\[4mm] =&\,\lambda^3-12\lambda^2+12\lambda+80. \end{align*}

Thus the characteristic equation is λ3−12λ2+12λ+80=0\lambda^3-12\lambda^2+12\lambda+80=0 and the eigenvalues are −2,4,10\boxed{-2,4,10}.

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理将 A3A^3 化为低次幂。乘以 AA 后,再把出现的 A3A^3 代回。

答题过程

展开

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A3=12A2−12A−80IA^3=12A^2-12A-80I. Therefore

A4= 12A3−12A2−80A= 12(12A2−12A−80I)−12A2−80A= 132A2−224A−960I.\begin{align*} A^4=&\,12A^3-12A^2-80A\\ =&\,12(12A^2-12A-80I)-12A^2-80A\\ =&\,132A^2-224A-960I. \end{align*}

Hence (p,q,r)=(132,−224,−960)(p,q,r)=(132,-224,-960).

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

先求 AA 的特征向量。对特征值 λ\lambda 对应的向量,(A−3I)4(A-3I)^4 的作用是乘以 (λ−3)4(\lambda-3)^4。

答题过程

展开

Solving (A−λI)v=0(A-\lambda I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 gives these eigenvectors.

  • For λ=−2\lambda=-2, v2=−v3v_2=-v_3 and v1=−2v3v_1=-2v_3, so take (2,1,−1)T(2,1,-1)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=4\lambda=4, v1=0v_1=0 and v2=−3v3v_2=-3v_3, so take (0,3,−1)T(0,3,-1)^{\mathsf T}.
  • For λ=10\lambda=10, v1=0v_1=0 and v2=3v3v_2=3v_3, so take (0,3,1)T(0,3,1)^{\mathsf T}.

They form a basis. The corresponding eigenvalues of (A−3I)4(A-3I)^4 are 625,1,2401625,1,2401. Thus

P=(200133−1−11),D=(62500010002401)P=\begin{pmatrix}2&0&0\\1&3&3\\-1&-1&1\end{pmatrix}, \qquad D=\begin{pmatrix}625&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&2401\end{pmatrix}

give the required diagonalization.