题目
Problem
The matrix A A A is given by
A = ( − 2 0 0 0 7 9 4 1 7 ) . A = \begin{pmatrix}
-2 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 7 & 9\\
4 & 1 & 7
\end{pmatrix}. A = − 2 0 4 0 7 1 0 9 7 .
(a) Show that the characteristic equation of A A A is
λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0 \lambda^3 - 12\lambda^2 + 12\lambda + 80 = 0 λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0
and find the eigenvalues of A A A .
[4]
(b) Use the characteristic equation of A A A to show that
A 4 = p A 2 + q A + r I , A^4 = pA^2 + qA + rI, A 4 = p A 2 + q A + r I ,
where p p p , q q q and r r r are integers to be determined.
[4]
(c) Find a matrix P P P and a diagonal matrix D D D such that ( A − 3 I ) 4 = P D P − 1 (A - 3I)^4 = PDP^{-1} ( A − 3 I ) 4 = P D P − 1 .
[6]
题目中文翻译
矩阵 A A A 给出为
A = ( − 2 0 0 0 7 9 4 1 7 ) A = \begin{pmatrix}
-2 & 0 & 0\\
0 & 7 & 9\\
4 & 1 & 7
\end{pmatrix} A = − 2 0 4 0 7 1 0 9 7
(a) 证明 A A A 的特征方程为
λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0 \lambda^3 - 12\lambda^2 + 12\lambda + 80 = 0 λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0
并求 A A A 的特征值。
(4)
(b) 利用 A A A 的特征方程证明
A 4 = p A 2 + q A + r I A^4 = pA^2 + qA + rI A 4 = p A 2 + q A + r I
其中 p p p 、q q q 和 r r r 为待确定的整数。
(4)
(c) 求矩阵 P P P 及对角矩阵 D D D ,使得 ( A − 3 I ) 4 = P D P − 1 (A - 3I)^4 = PDP^{-1} ( A − 3 I ) 4 = P D P − 1 。
(6)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
展开
沿 λ I − A \lambda I-A λ I − A 的第一行展开行列式。剩下的二阶行列式是平方差,可以直接分解。
答题过程
展开
The characteristic polynomial is
det ( λ I − A ) = ( λ + 2 ) [ ( λ − 7 ) 2 − 9 ] = ( λ + 2 ) ( λ − 4 ) ( λ − 10 ) = λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80. \begin{align*}
&\,\det(\lambda I-A)\\[4mm]
=&\,(\lambda+2)\big[(\lambda-7)^2-9\big]\\[4mm]
=&\,(\lambda+2)(\lambda-4)(\lambda-10)\\[4mm]
=&\,\lambda^3-12\lambda^2+12\lambda+80.
\end{align*} = = = det ( λ I − A ) ( λ + 2 ) [ ( λ − 7 ) 2 − 9 ] ( λ + 2 ) ( λ − 4 ) ( λ − 10 ) λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80.
Thus the characteristic equation is λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0 \lambda^3-12\lambda^2+12\lambda+80=0 λ 3 − 12 λ 2 + 12 λ + 80 = 0 and the eigenvalues are − 2 , 4 , 10 \boxed{-2,4,10} − 2 , 4 , 10 .
(b)
解法一
思路
展开
用 Cayley–Hamilton 定理将 A 3 A^3 A 3 化为低次幂。乘以 A A A 后,再把出现的 A 3 A^3 A 3 代回。
答题过程
展开
By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, A 3 = 12 A 2 − 12 A − 80 I A^3=12A^2-12A-80I A 3 = 12 A 2 − 12 A − 80 I . Therefore
A 4 = 12 A 3 − 12 A 2 − 80 A = 12 ( 12 A 2 − 12 A − 80 I ) − 12 A 2 − 80 A = 132 A 2 − 224 A − 960 I . \begin{align*}
A^4=&\,12A^3-12A^2-80A\\
=&\,12(12A^2-12A-80I)-12A^2-80A\\
=&\,132A^2-224A-960I.
\end{align*} A 4 = = = 12 A 3 − 12 A 2 − 80 A 12 ( 12 A 2 − 12 A − 80 I ) − 12 A 2 − 80 A 132 A 2 − 224 A − 960 I .
Hence ( p , q , r ) = ( 132 , − 224 , − 960 ) (p,q,r)=(132,-224,-960) ( p , q , r ) = ( 132 , − 224 , − 960 ) .
(c)
解法一
思路
展开
先求 A A A 的特征向量。对特征值 λ \lambda λ 对应的向量,( A − 3 I ) 4 (A-3I)^4 ( A − 3 I ) 4 的作用是乘以 ( λ − 3 ) 4 (\lambda-3)^4 ( λ − 3 ) 4 。
答题过程
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Solving ( A − λ I ) v = 0 (A-\lambda I)\mathbf v=\mathbf0 ( A − λ I ) v = 0 gives these eigenvectors.
For λ = − 2 \lambda=-2 λ = − 2 , v 2 = − v 3 v_2=-v_3 v 2 = − v 3 and v 1 = − 2 v 3 v_1=-2v_3 v 1 = − 2 v 3 , so take ( 2 , 1 , − 1 ) T (2,1,-1)^{\mathsf T} ( 2 , 1 , − 1 ) T .
For λ = 4 \lambda=4 λ = 4 , v 1 = 0 v_1=0 v 1 = 0 and v 2 = − 3 v 3 v_2=-3v_3 v 2 = − 3 v 3 , so take ( 0 , 3 , − 1 ) T (0,3,-1)^{\mathsf T} ( 0 , 3 , − 1 ) T .
For λ = 10 \lambda=10 λ = 10 , v 1 = 0 v_1=0 v 1 = 0 and v 2 = 3 v 3 v_2=3v_3 v 2 = 3 v 3 , so take ( 0 , 3 , 1 ) T (0,3,1)^{\mathsf T} ( 0 , 3 , 1 ) T .
They form a basis. The corresponding eigenvalues of ( A − 3 I ) 4 (A-3I)^4 ( A − 3 I ) 4 are 625 , 1 , 2401 625,1,2401 625 , 1 , 2401 . Thus
P = ( 2 0 0 1 3 3 − 1 − 1 1 ) , D = ( 625 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2401 ) P=\begin{pmatrix}2&0&0\\1&3&3\\-1&-1&1\end{pmatrix},
\qquad
D=\begin{pmatrix}625&0&0\\0&1&0\\0&0&2401\end{pmatrix} P = 2 1 − 1 0 3 − 1 0 3 1 , D = 625 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2401
give the required diagonalization.