题目
Problem
(a) State the sum of the series z+z2+⋯+zn, for z=1.
[1]
(b) By letting z=21(cosθ+isinθ) use de Moivre’s theorem to deduce that
m=1∑n(21)msinmθ=45−cosθ(21)n+2sinnθ−(21)n+1sin(n+1)θ+21sinθ.
[6]
(c) Use the result in (b) to find ∑m=1n(21)mmcosmθ in terms of n and θ. [You do not need to simplify your answer.]
[3]
(d) Hence find ∑m=1∞(21)mmcosmθ in terms of cosθ. [You may assume that 2nn→0 as n→∞.]
[2]
题目中文翻译
(a) 写出级数 z+z2+⋯+zn 的和,其中 z=1。
(1)
(b) 令 z=21(cosθ+isinθ),使用 de Moivre 定理推得
m=1∑n(21)msinmθ=45−cosθ(21)n+2sinnθ−(21)n+1sin(n+1)θ+21sinθ.
(6)
(c) 使用 (b) 的结果,求用 n 和 θ 表示的 ∑m=1n(21)mmcosmθ。[不需要化简答案。]
(3)
(d) 由此求用 cosθ 表示的 ∑m=1∞(21)mmcosmθ。[可以假设当 n→∞ 时 2nn→0。]
(2)
原卷通用作答要求
Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.
You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.
Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.
请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。
解答
(a)
解法一
思路
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用首项为 z、公比为 z 的有限等比数列求和公式。
答题过程
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For z=1,
z+z2+⋯+zn=1−zz(1−zn).
(b)
解法一
思路
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由 de Moivre 定理,所求正弦和是等比和的虚部。分子分母同乘 1−zˉ,使分母成为实数。
答题过程
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Let z=21(cosθ+isinθ). By de Moivre’s theorem the required sum is the imaginary part of ∑m=1nzm. The real denominator is
∣1−z∣2===(1−z)(1−zˉ)1−(z+zˉ)+zzˉ45−cosθ,
since z+zˉ=cosθ and zzˉ=1/4. By (a),
==m=1∑nzm∣1−z∣2(z−zn+1)(1−zˉ)45−cosθz−zn+1−41+41zn.
Here zn+1zˉ=(zzˉ)zn=zn/4. The imaginary parts of z, −zn+1, −1/4 and zn/4 are respectively 21sinθ, −2−n−1sin((n+1)θ), 0 and 2−n−2sin(nθ). Thus
=m=1∑n2−msin(mθ)45−cosθ2−n−2sin(nθ)−2−n−1sin((n+1)θ)+21sinθ.
(c)
解法一
思路
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对有限正弦和逐项求导,正好得到所需的余弦和。右边用商法则,并保留分子、分母的记号。
答题过程
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Write the numerator and denominator in (b) as N and D, so
N=D=2−n−2sin(nθ)−2−n−1sin((n+1)θ)+21sinθ,45−cosθ.
Differentiating the finite sum term by term and using D′=sinθ gives
=m=1∑n2−mmcos(mθ)D2DN′−Nsinθ,
where
N′=n2−n−2cos(nθ)−(n+1)2−n−1cos((n+1)θ)+21cosθ.
(d)
解法一
思路
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当 n→∞,分子及其导数中带 2−n 或 n2−n 的项趋于零。最后用 cos2θ+sin2θ=1 化简。
答题过程
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Since D≥41, and since 2−n→0 and n2−n→0, taking the limit in (c) yields
m=1∑∞2−mmcos(mθ)==(45−cosθ)221(45−cosθ)cosθ−21sin2θ(5−4cosθ)22(5cosθ−4).