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CIE 9231 2025 Nov Paper 22 Q6

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2025 Nov Paper 22 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

(a) Use the substitution x=122sinh⁡ux = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}\sinh u to find ∫12x2+1 dx\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}}\,\mathrm{d}x.

[3]

The diagram shows the curve with equation y=12x2+1y = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}} for 0≤x≤10 \leq x \leq 1, together with a set of nn rectangles of width 1n\frac{1}{n}.

(b) By considering the sum of the areas of these rectangles, show that

∑r=1n12r2+n2<122ln⁡(2+3).\sum_{r = 1}^{n}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}} < \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}\ln\big(\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}\big).
[5]

(c) Use a similar method to find, in terms of nn, a lower bound for ∑r=1n12r2+n2\sum_{r = 1}^{n}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}}.

[4]

(d) Deduce the exact value of

lim⁡n→∞∑r=1n12r2+n2.\lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}}.
[1]
题目中文翻译

(a) 使用代换 x=122sinh⁡ux = \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}\sinh u,求 ∫12x2+1 dx\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}}\,\mathrm{d}x。

(3)

题图显示曲线 y=12x2+1y = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}},其中 0≤x≤10 \leq x \leq 1,以及一组宽为 1n\frac{1}{n} 的 nn 个矩形。

(b) 通过考虑这些矩形面积之和,证明

∑r=1n12r2+n2<122ln⁡(2+3).\sum_{r = 1}^{n}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}} < \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2}\ln\big(\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3}\big).
(5)

(c) 用类似方法,求出关于 nn 的 ∑r=1n12r2+n2\sum_{r = 1}^{n}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}} 的下界。

(4)

(d) 推得

lim⁡n→∞∑r=1n12r2+n2\lim_{n \to \infty}\sum_{r = 1}^{n} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2r^2 + n^2}}

的精确值。

(1)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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代换后,分母变成 cosh⁡u\cosh u,正好与 dx\mathrm{d}x 中的 cosh⁡u\cosh u 抵消。

答题过程

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With x=12sinh⁡ux=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\sinh u, we have dx=12cosh⁡u du\mathrm{d}x=\frac{1}{\sqrt2}\cosh u\,\mathrm{d}u and 2x2+1=cosh⁡u\sqrt{2x^2+1}=\cosh u. Therefore

∫12x2+1 dx= 12∫cosh⁡ucosh⁡u du= u2+C= arsinh⁡(2x)2+C.\begin{align*} \int\frac1{\sqrt{2x^2+1}}\,\mathrm{d}x =&\,\frac1{\sqrt2}\int\frac{\cosh u}{\cosh u}\,\mathrm{d}u\\ =&\,\frac u{\sqrt2}+C\\ =&\,\frac{\operatorname{arsinh}(\sqrt2x)}{\sqrt2}+C. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

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题图取右端点的高度。函数严格递减,所以这些矩形的面积和小于积分。用 (a) 算出积分,并把反双曲正弦改成对数。

答题过程

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Let f(x)=(2x2+1)−1/2f(x)=(2x^2+1)^{-1/2}, which is strictly decreasing on [0,1][0,1]. The rectangles in the diagram use the right endpoints. For example, writing the first terms and the final term, the area sum is

Sn= 1n[f(1n)+f(2n)+f(3n) +⋯+f(1)].\begin{align*} S_n=&\,\frac1n\Big[f\Big(\frac1n\Big)+f\Big(\frac2n\Big)+f\Big(\frac3n\Big)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\cdots+f(1)\Big]. \end{align*}

It satisfies

Sn= 1n∑r=1nf(rn)= ∑r=1n12r2+n2< ∫01f(x) dx= 12ln⁡(2+3).\begin{align*} S_n=&\,\frac1n\sum_{r=1}^n f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg)\\ =&\,\sum_{r=1}^n\frac1{\sqrt{2r^2+n^2}}\\ <&\,\int_0^1 f(x)\,\mathrm{d}x\\ =&\,\frac1{\sqrt2}\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3). \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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左端点矩形的面积和大于积分。与 (b) 的右端点和相减时,所有内部端点对应的项都抵消,只需保留首尾两项。

答题过程

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Write I=12ln⁡(2+3)I=\frac1{\sqrt2}\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3). By (a), I=[arsinh⁡(2x)/2]01I=[\operatorname{arsinh}(\sqrt2x)/\sqrt2]_0^1, since arsinh⁡(2)=ln⁡(2+3)\operatorname{arsinh}(\sqrt2)=\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3) and arsinh⁡(0)=0\operatorname{arsinh}(0)=0. The left-endpoint area sum is greater than II. It exceeds SnS_n by

 1n∑r=0n−1f(rn)−1n∑r=1nf(rn)= f(0)−f(1)n= 1−1/3n.\begin{align*} &\,\frac1n\sum_{r=0}^{n-1}f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg) -\frac1n\sum_{r=1}^n f\bigg(\frac rn\bigg)\\ =&\,\frac{f(0)-f(1)}n\\ =&\,\frac{1-1/\sqrt3}{n}. \end{align*}

Thus

Sn+1−1/3n>I,S_n+\frac{1-1/\sqrt3}{n}>I,

so a lower bound for SnS_n is

12ln⁡(2+3)−1−1/3n.\frac1{\sqrt2}\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3)-\frac{1-1/\sqrt3}{n}.

(d)

解法一

思路

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上下界只相差 1−1/3n\frac{1-1/\sqrt3}{n},用夹逼定理求极限。

答题过程

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The bounds in (b) and (c) both tend to 12ln⁡(2+3)\frac1{\sqrt2}\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3). Hence

lim⁡n→∞Sn=12ln⁡(2+3).\lim_{n\to\infty} S_n=\frac1{\sqrt2}\ln(\sqrt2+\sqrt3).