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CIE 9231 2025 Nov Paper 23 Q8

A Level / CIE / FP2

CIE 9231 2025 Nov Paper 23 Paper · Question 8

题目

Problem

(a) State the sum of the series z+z2+⋯+znz + z^2 + \cdots + z^n, for z≠1z \ne 1.

[1]

(b) By letting z=12(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)z = \frac{1}{2}(\cos\theta + \mathrm{i}\sin\theta) use de Moivre’s theorem to deduce that

∑m=1n(12)msin⁡mθ=(12)n+2sin⁡nθ−(12)n+1sin⁡(n+1)θ+12sin⁡θ54−cos⁡θ.\sum_{m = 1}^{n} \bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg)^m \sin m\theta = \frac{ \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^{n + 2}\sin n\theta - \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^{n + 1}\sin (n + 1)\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin\theta }{\frac{5}{4} - \cos\theta}.
[6]

(c) Use the result in (b) to find ∑m=1n(12)mmcos⁡mθ\sum_{m = 1}^{n} \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^m m\cos m\theta in terms of nn and θ\theta. [You do not need to simplify your answer.]

[3]

(d) Hence find ∑m=1∞(12)mmcos⁡mθ\sum_{m = 1}^{\infty} \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^m m\cos m\theta in terms of cos⁡θ\cos\theta. [You may assume that n2n→0\frac{n}{2^n} \to 0 as n→∞n \to \infty.]

[2]
题目中文翻译

(a) 写出级数 z+z2+⋯+znz + z^2 + \cdots + z^n 的和,其中 z≠1z \ne 1。

(1)

(b) 令 z=12(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)z = \frac{1}{2}(\cos\theta + \mathrm{i}\sin\theta),使用 de Moivre 定理推得

∑m=1n(12)msin⁡mθ=(12)n+2sin⁡nθ−(12)n+1sin⁡(n+1)θ+12sin⁡θ54−cos⁡θ.\sum_{m = 1}^{n} \bigg(\frac{1}{2}\bigg)^m \sin m\theta = \frac{ \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^{n + 2}\sin n\theta - \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^{n + 1}\sin (n + 1)\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin\theta }{\frac{5}{4} - \cos\theta}.
(6)

(c) 使用 (b) 的结果,求用 nn 和 θ\theta 表示的 ∑m=1n(12)mmcos⁡mθ\sum_{m = 1}^{n} \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^m m\cos m\theta。[不需要化简答案。]

(3)

(d) 由此求用 cos⁡θ\cos\theta 表示的 ∑m=1∞(12)mmcos⁡mθ\sum_{m = 1}^{\infty} \big(\frac{1}{2}\big)^m m\cos m\theta。[可以假设当 n→∞n \to \infty 时 n2n→0\frac{n}{2^n} \to 0。]

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

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用首项为 zz、公比为 zz 的有限等比数列求和公式。

答题过程

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For z≠1z\ne1,

z+z2+⋯+zn=z(1−zn)1−z.z+z^2+\cdots+z^n=\frac{z(1-z^n)}{1-z}.

(b)

解法一

思路

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由 de Moivre 定理,所求正弦和是等比和的虚部。分子分母同乘 1−zˉ1-\bar z,使分母成为实数。

答题过程

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Let z=12(cos⁡θ+isin⁡θ)z=\frac12(\cos\theta+\mathrm{i}\sin\theta). By de Moivre’s theorem the required sum is the imaginary part of ∑m=1nzm\sum_{m=1}^n z^m. The real denominator is

∣1−z∣2= (1−z)(1−zˉ)= 1−(z+zˉ)+zzˉ= 54−cos⁡θ,\begin{align*} |1-z|^2=&\,(1-z)(1-\bar z)\\ =&\,1-(z+\bar z)+z\bar z\\ =&\,\frac54-\cos\theta, \end{align*}

since z+zˉ=cos⁡θz+\bar z=\cos\theta and zzˉ=1/4z\bar z=1/4. By (a),

 ∑m=1nzm= (z−zn+1)(1−zˉ)∣1−z∣2= z−zn+1−14+14zn54−cos⁡θ.\begin{align*} &\,\sum_{m=1}^n z^m\\ =&\,\frac{(z-z^{n+1})(1-\bar z)}{|1-z|^2}\\ =&\,\frac{z-z^{n+1}-\frac14+\frac14 z^n}{\frac54-\cos\theta}. \end{align*}

Here zn+1zˉ=(zzˉ)zn=zn/4z^{n+1}\bar z=(z\bar z)z^n=z^n/4. The imaginary parts of zz, −zn+1-z^{n+1}, −1/4-1/4 and zn/4z^n/4 are respectively 12sin⁡θ\frac12\sin\theta, −2−n−1sin⁡((n+1)θ)-2^{-n-1}\sin((n+1)\theta), 00 and 2−n−2sin⁡(nθ)2^{-n-2}\sin(n\theta). Thus

 ∑m=1n2−msin⁡(mθ)= 2−n−2sin⁡(nθ)−2−n−1sin⁡((n+1)θ)+12sin⁡θ54−cos⁡θ.\begin{align*} &\,\sum_{m=1}^n 2^{-m}\sin(m\theta)\\ =&\,\frac{2^{-n-2}\sin(n\theta)-2^{-n-1}\sin((n+1)\theta)+\frac12\sin\theta}{\frac54-\cos\theta}. \end{align*}

(c)

解法一

思路

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对有限正弦和逐项求导,正好得到所需的余弦和。右边用商法则,并保留分子、分母的记号。

答题过程

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Write the numerator and denominator in (b) as NN and DD, so

N= 2−n−2sin⁡(nθ)−2−n−1sin⁡((n+1)θ) +12sin⁡θ,D= 54−cos⁡θ.\begin{align*} N=&\,2^{-n-2}\sin(n\theta)-2^{-n-1}\sin((n+1)\theta)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}+\frac12\sin\theta,\\ D=&\,\frac54-\cos\theta. \end{align*}

Differentiating the finite sum term by term and using D′=sin⁡θD'=\sin\theta gives

 ∑m=1n2−mmcos⁡(mθ)= DN′−Nsin⁡θD2,\begin{align*} &\,\sum_{m=1}^n 2^{-m}m\cos(m\theta)\\ =&\,\frac{D N'-N\sin\theta}{D^2}, \end{align*}

where

N′= n2−n−2cos⁡(nθ) −(n+1)2−n−1cos⁡((n+1)θ) +12cos⁡θ.\begin{align*} N'=&\,n2^{-n-2}\cos(n\theta)\\ &\,\hspace{2pt}-(n+1)2^{-n-1}\cos((n+1)\theta)\\ &\,\hspace{4pt}+\frac12\cos\theta. \end{align*}

(d)

解法一

思路

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当 n→∞n\to\infty,分子及其导数中带 2−n2^{-n} 或 n2−nn2^{-n} 的项趋于零。最后用 cos⁡2θ+sin⁡2θ=1\cos^2\theta+\sin^2\theta=1 化简。

答题过程

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Since D≥14D\ge\frac14, and since 2−n→02^{-n}\to0 and n2−n→0n2^{-n}\to0, taking the limit in (c) yields

∑m=1∞2−mmcos⁡(mθ)= 12(54−cos⁡θ)cos⁡θ−12sin⁡2θ(54−cos⁡θ)2= 2(5cos⁡θ−4)(5−4cos⁡θ)2.\begin{align*} \sum_{m=1}^\infty 2^{-m}m\cos(m\theta) =&\,\frac{\frac12(\frac54-\cos\theta)\cos\theta-\frac12\sin^2\theta} {(\frac54-\cos\theta)^2}\\ =&\,\frac{2(5\cos\theta-4)}{(5-4\cos\theta)^2}. \end{align*}