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CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 43 Q6

A Level / CIE / FS

CIE 9231 2025 June Paper 43 Paper · Question 6

题目

Problem

A bag contains 7 red balls and 3 blue balls. Kieran selects 2 balls at random, without replacement. The number of red balls selected by Kieran is denoted by XX, and the number of different colours present in Kieran’s selection is denoted by YY.

(a) Find the probability generating functions, GX(t)G_X(t) of XX and GY(t)G_Y(t) of YY.

[4]

The random variable ZZ is the sum of the number of red balls and the number of different colours present in Kieran’s selection. Kieran claims that the probability generating function of ZZ is equal to GX(t)×GY(t)G_X(t) \times G_Y(t).

(b) Explain why Kieran is incorrect.

[1]

(c) Find the probability generating function of ZZ, expressing your answer as a polynomial in tt.

[4]

(d) Use the probability generating function of ZZ to find E(Z)E(Z).

[2]
题目中文翻译

一个袋子中有 7 个红球和 3 个蓝球。Kieran 随机取出 2 个球,不放回。Kieran 取出的红球个数记为 XX,Kieran 所取球中出现的不同颜色的种数记为 YY。

(a) 求 XX 的概率母函数 GX(t)G_X(t) 和 YY 的概率母函数 GY(t)G_Y(t)。

(4)

随机变量 ZZ 是红球个数与 Kieran 所取球中出现的不同颜色种数之和。Kieran 声称 ZZ 的概率母函数等于 GX(t)×GY(t)G_X(t) \times G_Y(t)。

(b) 解释为什么 Kieran 是错误的。

(1)

(c) 求 ZZ 的概率母函数,并将答案表示为 tt 的多项式。

(4)

(d) 使用 ZZ 的概率母函数求 E(Z)E(Z)。

(2)
原卷通用作答要求

Answer all questions. You should use a calculator where appropriate.

You must show all necessary working clearly; no marks will be given for unsupported answers from a calculator.

Give non-exact numerical answers correct to 3 significant figures, or 1 decimal place for angles in degrees, unless a different level of accuracy is specified in the question.

请回答所有题目。适当时应使用计算器。必须清楚展示所有必要的计算过程;仅给出计算器答案而没有过程,不予评分。除非题目另有精度要求,非精确数值答案保留 3 位有效数字,以度为单位的角度保留 1 位小数。

解答

(a)

解法一

思路

展开

先列出两球同色或异色的三种情况。用组合数算各情况概率,再分别按 XX 和 YY 的取值归类。

答题过程

展开

The unordered pairs are equally likely, with (102)=45\binom{10}{2}=45 choices. The probabilities are

Pr⁡(blue-blue)= (32)45=115,Pr⁡(red-blue)= 7×345=715,Pr⁡(red-red)= (72)45=715.\begin{align*} \Pr(\text{blue-blue})=&\,\frac{\binom32}{45}=\frac1{15},\\ \Pr(\text{red-blue})=&\,\frac{7\times3}{45}=\frac7{15},\\ \Pr(\text{red-red})=&\,\frac{\binom72}{45}=\frac7{15}. \end{align*}

The corresponding (X,Y)(X,Y) values are (0,1)(0,1), (1,2)(1,2) and (2,1)(2,1). Therefore

 GX(t)=1+7t+7t215, GY(t)=8t+7t215.\begin{align*} &\,G_X(t)=\frac{1+7t+7t^2}{15},\\ &\,G_Y(t)=\frac{8t+7t^2}{15}. \end{align*}

(b)

解法一

思路

展开

判断知道红球数后,颜色种数是否仍可能取不同值。

答题过程

展开

The two variables are dependent. For example, X=1X=1 forces Y=2Y=2, so Pr⁡(Y=2∣X=1)=1\Pr(Y=2\mid X=1)=1 whereas Pr⁡(Y=2)=7/15\Pr(Y=2)=7/15. Consequently the independence rule for multiplying the two PGFs does not apply.

(c)

解法一

思路

展开

在每种实际抽取情况中把 XX 和 YY 相加,再将得到同一个和的概率合并。

答题过程

展开

The blue-blue outcome gives Z=1Z=1 with probability 1/151/15. Both red-blue and red-red give Z=3Z=3, with total probability 14/1514/15. Thus

GZ(t)=t+14t315.G_Z(t)=\frac{t+14t^3}{15}.

(d)

解法一

思路

展开

对 (c) 的生成函数求导,并在 t=1t=1 处取值。

答题过程

展开

We have GZ′(t)=(1+42t2)/15G_Z'(t)=(1+42t^2)/15, so E⁡[Z]=GZ′(1)=43/15\operatorname E[Z]=G_Z'(1)=43/15.